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A national policy of avoiding participation in foreign affairs
Not total; U.S. was a trading nation and did engage in foreign affairs to some extent
Supported by Americans in the Interwar Year |
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A national policy of acting without consulting others
Supported by Americans during the Interwar years |
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| The policy of emphasizing morality in foreign affairs |
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| Policy of taking advantage of a situation for national gain |
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| Washington's Farewell Address |
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Warned that U.S. should avoid involvement in foreign alliances.
Washington was not isolationist. He accepted the need for trade, but this lead to conflict. |
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| passed by the Congress in 1807 to prevent U.S. ships from leaving for foreign ports without the approval of the federal government |
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Fought between the United States and Great Britain over impressment and U.S. territorial designs on Canada
Resulted in the 1814 Treaty of Ghent |
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| James Monroe’s 1823 pledge that the United States would oppose attempts by European states to extend their political control into the Western Hemisphere |
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| U.S. as an Emerging Power |
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Process of U.S. emergence as a world power centered on three areas:
Trade Policy and Commerce
Continental Expansion and Manifest Destiny
Interests beyond the Western Hemisphere |
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| Principles of trade reciprocity and most favored nations |
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Worked well until the end of the Napoleonic Wars
Increased competition
U.S. adopted protectionist tariffs designed to keep the home market for domestic producers
First protective tariff was passed in 1816 |
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Taxes on imports used to raise government revenue and to protect infant industries
“American System” of trade protection
Increasing higher tariffs
Protected market for American producers, but also cut off foreign markers for American producers due to retaliation of foreign countries |
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During the 19th century the country expanded
Land taken from Native Americans
1846 Mexican War
By the end of century, country reached from the Atlantic to the Pacific |
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| Theory that the United States was divinely mandated to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean |
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| Spanish-American War (1898) |
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Made the world take note of U.S. as a rising power.
Acquired Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and for a few years Cuba |
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| The Roosevelt Corollary (The Colossus of the North) |
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Developed by Theodore Roosevelt, in the early 20th century.
it was the U.S. responsibility to assure stability in Latin America and the Caribbean. |
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WWI broke out in Europe
U.S. initially stayed out
No U.S. interests were involved.
Nation of immigrants—divided as to which side to support |
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U.S.-German affairs worsened
Wilson led the nation into conflict in 1917.
Entered the war late but its armed forces and economic assistance swung the tide of victory to the Allies’ side
Wilson put faith in collective security after WWI. |
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The concept that peace would be secured if all countries collectively opposed any country that invaded another
League of Nations |
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Americans supported isolationism and unilateralism
Tariffs continued
Great Depression caused shift in public opinion on foreign policy regarding trade
High tariffs not as popular
Isolationism was still supported even as aggression developed in Europe. |
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| U.S. naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, initiating U.S. entry into WWII |
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Entry into the war transformed American society
Birth of the nuclear age
Focus on keeping the peace |
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| An international governmental organization created shortly before the end of WWII to guarantee the security of nations and to promote global economic, physical, and social well-being |
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| International governmental organization (IGO) |
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| Organization created by at least two and often many countries that operates internationally with the objectives of achieving the purposes that the member countries agree upon |
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| International financial agreement signed shortly before the end of WWII that created the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund |
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| International Monetary Fund |
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| Mandate is to stabilize international financial relations through fixed monetary exchange rates |
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| Provides loans for large economic development projects |
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| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
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| Devised shortly after WWII as an interim agreement until a World Trade Organization could be created to help lower tariffs and increase trade |
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| U.S. foreign policy in which actions should be taken in cooperation with other states after consultation |
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| U.S. policy initiated in 1947 of providing economic assistance and military aid to countries fighting against communist revolutions or political pressure |
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| European Recovery Program, named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall, of extensive U.S. aid to Western Europe after WWII |
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| Strategy to oppose expansion of Soviet power, particularly in Western Europe and East Asia, with military power, economic assistance, and political influence |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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The first peacetime military treaty the United States joined
NATO is a regional political and military organization created in 1950 |
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Strategy to oppose expansion of the soviet power particularly in the Western Europe/East Asia with military power, political influence
1st peacetime treaty |
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Continued containment policy, but expanded it to incorporate establishing cordial relations
Met Khrushchev in Vienna, but it did not go well
Soviets deployed intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Cuba. |
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U.S. reacted strongly; placed naval blockade around Cuba
Khrushchev backed down.
There would be no nuclear war.
Resulted in the installation of a “hotline” between the two countries.
Lead to the Vietnam War (1965-1973) |
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| Containment, Cuba, and Vietnam |
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the relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that occurred during the 1970s
Détente died in 1979. |
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“era of confrontation” to an “era of negotiation” with the Soviet Union
Nixon Doctrine: The policy implemented at the end of the Vietnam War — the United States would provide arms and military equipment to countries but not do the fighting for them |
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Emphasized human rights
Morality in human rights
Iranian hostage crisis
Carter Doctrine |
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| Crisis during the Carter Administration when Iranian students with support of the Iranian government took over the U.S. embassy in Tehran, holding all the personnel hostage |
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| Policy announced after the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan — the Persian Gulf area was a vital U.S. interest and the United States would fight to maintain access to it |
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| Containment Revisited and Renewed |
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Confrontational relationship with Soviet Union
“Star Wars” strategic defense system
Heightened aggression by Soviets
Korean airline incident
Invasion of Grenada
Afghanistan activity
Soviet walkout from arms talk in Geneva |
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| Policy in which the United States would provide military assistance to anti-communist groups fighting against pro-Soviet governments |
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also had serious internal problems.
Economic
Leadership crisis
Three leaders died between 1982 and 1985 |
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Focus on improving relations with U.S
Eventually agreements were signed that would facilitate the destruction of all intermediate nuclear forces.
End of the Cold War |
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| 1989 Revolt by Eastern Europe |
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Communist governments fell and the Soviet Union did nothing to quell the rebellion.
U.S. helped with transitions to democracy as did other countries |
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| 1990 Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait |
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| Advocates an all-or-nothing approach to military invention. Among other criteria, it emphasizes the use of overwhelming force to ensure a quick and decisive victory, and the adoption of an exit strategy prior to any intervention |
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| Policy implemented during the Clinton administration — the United States would remain actively involved in foreign affairs |
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| Policy implemented during the Clinton administration — the U.S. would actively promote the expansion of democracy and free markets throughout the world |
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| The War on Terrorism (2001 - present) |
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| September 11th, and Bush Doctrine resulted |
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Policy advocated by President G.W. Bush of using preemptive military action against a perceived threat to U.S. interests
WMD
War in Iraq |
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| Role of President In Foreign Policy Making |
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Preeminent in foreign policy and military policy but does not have absolute power
Access to and control of information |
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| Role of Department of State and Defense in Foreign Policy Making |
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| Responsible for formulations and implementation of U.S. foreign policy |
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| Role of Central Intelligence Agency in Foreign Policy making |
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| Responsible for collection and analysis of information and intelligence about foreign countries and events |
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| Role of National Security Council in Foreign Policy Making |
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| Responsible for advising the president about foreign and defense policy and events |
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| Department of Homeland Security |
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Cabinet department created after the 9/11 attacks to coordinate domestic U.S. security efforts against terrorism
9/11 Commission
Bipartisan, independent group was authorized by congress and President Bush in 2002 to study the circumstances surrounding the September 11 terrorist attacks |
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| Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period |
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Influences foreign policy via:
Congressional Leadership
Congressional Oversight
Treaties and Executive Agreements
Appointments
Appropriations |
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| The Military Industrial Complex |
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The grouping of the U.S. armed forces and defense industries
Economic clout
Access to technical expertise and political information
Share many interests
Personal and professional relationships are close
Military and defense industry officials work closely with legislators and their staffs. |
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| The Military Industrial Complex |
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Definition
The grouping of the U.S. armed forces and defense industries
Economic clout
Access to technical expertise and political information
Share many interests
Personal and professional relationships are close
Military and defense industry officials work closely with legislators and their staffs. |
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Key participants in foreign and military policy formulation and implementation
Roles:
Reporting and investigation
Agenda setting
Influencing public opinion |
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Example of widespread resistance to the draft during the Vietnam War
May work through nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International |
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| Twenty-First Century Challenges |
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Definition
Issues
What is in the national interest?
When do we intervene overseas?
China?
Israel and Palestine?
Promoting Democracy in the Middle East
Afghanistan
Iraq
Transnational threats to peace
Nuclear proliferation?
Rogue states?
Drug and Environmental Problems
When to act unilaterally versus multilaterally? |
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