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Definition
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Definition
A from of metabolism in which energy is generated from inorganic compounds |
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Definition
Interactions between cells using chemical signals |
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Definition
Modification of cellular components to form a new structure, such as a spore |
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Definition
Organisms plus their nonliving environment |
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Enrichment culture technique |
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Definition
A method for isolating specific microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions |
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Definition
A protein or RNA catalyst that functions to speed up a chemical reaction |
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Definition
Decent with modification leading to new forms or species |
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Definition
An organism's full complement of genes |
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Definition
The identification and analysis of genomes |
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Definition
In microbiology, an increase in cell number with time |
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Definition
The environment in which a microbial population resides |
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Definition
A set of criteria for proving that a given microorganism causes a certain disease |
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Definition
All biochemical reactions in a cell |
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Definition
Two or more populations of cells that coexist and interact in a habitat |
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Definition
The study of microorganisms in their natural environment |
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A microscopic organism consisting of a single cell or cell cluster or a virus |
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The movement of cell by some form of self propulsion |
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A disease causing microorganism |
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A culture containing a single kind of microorganism |
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The hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter |
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Free of all living organisms cells and viruses |
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Definition
One or two known domains of prokaryotes, compare with bacteria |
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Definition
An organism able to grow with carbon dioxide as it's sole carbon source |
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Definition
One of two known domains of prokaryotes, compare with Archaea |
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Definition
A rigid layer present outside the cytoplasmic membrane, confers structural strength to the cell and protection from osmotic layers |
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Definition
A rigid layer present outside the cytoplasmic membrane, confers structural strength to the cell and protection from osmotic layers |
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Definition
An organism that obtains it's energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds |
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Definition
an organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds |
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Definition
a genetic element containing genes essential to cell function |
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Definition
Prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs |
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Definition
the aqueous internal portion of a cell, bounded by the cytoplasmic membrane |
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Definition
the cell's permeability barrier to the environment; encloses the cytoplasm |
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Definition
The highest level of biological classification |
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Definition
the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from Bacteria |
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Definition
The domain of life that includes all eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
A cell having a membrane-enclosed nucleus and usually other membrane-enclosed organelles |
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Definition
change in a line of descent over time leading to new species or varieties within a species |
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Definition
An organism that grows optimally under one or more environmental extremes |
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Definition
A differential staining technique in which bacterial cells stain either pink (-) or purple (+) depending upon their structural makeup |
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Definition
an organism that requires organic carbon as its carbon source |
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Definition
the aggregated mass of DNA that constitutes the chromosome of cells of Bacteria and Archaea |
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Definition
a membrane-enclosed structure that contains the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
A membrane- enclosed structure, such as a mitochondrion or chloroplast, present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
an organism that obtains its energy from light |
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Definition
the evolutionary relationships between organisms |
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Definition
an extrachromosomal genetic element nonessential for growth |
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Definition
a cell that lacks a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other organelles |
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Definition
a large phylum of bacteria hat includes many of the common gram-negative bacteria, such as escherichia coli |
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Definition
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Definition
in microbiology, the ability to distinguish two objects as distinct and separate under the microscope |
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Definition
a cytoplasmic particle that functions in protein synthesis |
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Definition
A genetic element that contains either a DNA or an RNA genome, has an extracellular form and depends on a host cell for replication |
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Definition
A sequence variant of given gene |
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Definition
iron oxide-rich ancient sedimentary rocks containing zones of oxidized iron formed by oxidation of Fe2+ by O2 produced by cyanobacteria |
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Definition
the system devised by the Swedish scientist Carl linnaeu for naming living organism in which an organism is given a genus name and a species epithet |
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Definition
Phylogenetic methods that group organisms by their evolutionary relationships,not by their phenotypic similarities |
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Definition
in a taxonomic sense, the highest level of biological classification |
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Definition
the experimental determination of genomic similarity by measuring the extent of hybridization of DNA from one organism with that of another |
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Definition
a population of genetically identical cells sharing a particular resource within an ecological niche |
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Definition
the idea that a chemoorganotrophic bacterium and a canobacterium were stably incorporated into another cell type to five rise, respectively, to the mitochondria and chloroplasts of modern day eukaryotes |
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Definition
all eukaryotes: algae, protist, fungi, slime molds, plants and animals |
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Definition
decent with modification; DNA sequence variation and the inheritance of that variation |
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Definition
Fatty acid methyl ester; a technique for identifying microorganisms from their fatty acids |
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Definition
fluorescent in situ hybridization; a staining technique for phylogenic studies |
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Definition
the capacity of an organism to survive and reproduce as compared to that of competing organisms |
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Definition
in DNA form an organism, the percentage of the total nucleic acid that consists of guanine and cytosine bases. |
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Definition
the transfer of DNA from one cell to another, possibly distantly related, cell |
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Definition
a DNA sequence such as the gene for rRNA that can be used as a comparative temporal measure of evolutionary divergence |
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Definition
In phylogeny, a group descended from one ancestor |
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Term
Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) |
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Definition
a taxonomic tool for classifying organisms from gene sequence variation in several house keeping genes |
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Definition
an oligonucleotide, sometimes made fluorescent by attachment of a dye, complementary in sequence to some sequence in rRNA |
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Definition
the evolutionary history of an organism |
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Term
Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) |
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Definition
a large database of small subunit rRNA sequences that can be retrieved electronically and used in comparative rRNA sequence studies |
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Definition
a means of identifying microorganisms from analysis of DNA fragments generated from restriction enzyme digestion of the genes encoding their 16S rRNA |
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Definition
a large polynucleotide that functions as part of the small subunit of the ribosome of Bacteria and Archaea and form whose gene sequence evolutionary information can be obtained its eukaryotic counterpart is 18S rRNA |
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Definition
RNA from the 30S ribosomal subunit of Bacteria and Archaea or the 40S ribosomal subunit of eukaryotes that is, 16S or 18S rRNA, respectively |
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Definition
defined in microbiology as a group of strains that all share the same major properties and differ in one of more significant properties from other groups of strains; defined phylogenetically as a monophyletic exclusive group based on DNA sequence analyses |
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Definition
a laminated microbial mat, typically built from layers of filamentous Bacteria and other microorganism which can become fossilized |
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Definition
The study of the diversity of organisms and their relationships includes taxonomy and phylogeny |
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Definition
the science of identification, classification and nomenclature |
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Term
Universal phylogenic tree |
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Definition
a tree that shows the positions of representatives of all domains of cells |
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Definition
a major lineage of Bacteria that contains a large number of gram-negative rods and cocci |
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Definition
an oligonucleotide, usually 10-20 bases in length, complementary in base sequence to a nucleic acid sequence in a target gene or RNA |
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Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) |
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Definition
a method employing a fluorescent dye covalently bonded to a specific nucleic acid probe for identifying of tracking organisms in the environment |
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Definition
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Definition
Anaerobic catabolism of an organic compound in which the compound serves as both an electron donor and an electron acceptor and in which ATP is usually produced by substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
An enzyme widely distributed in anaerobic microorganisms, capable od oxidizing of evolving H2 |
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Term
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Definition
Producing only lactic acid from the fermentation of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
Producing a mixture of products, typically lactate, ethanol,and CO2,from the fermentation of glucose |
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Definition
The fermentation of an amino acid pair |
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Definition
A fermentTion in which the substrates are the fermentation products of other organism |
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Definition
A process whereby two or more microorganisms cooperate to degrade a substrate neither can degrade alone |
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Definition
Energy available to do work,G0 is free energy under standard conditions |
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Definition
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Definition
The energy required to bring the substrate of an enzyme to the reaction state |
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Definition
A substrate that accelerates a chemical reaction but is not consumed in the reaction |
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Definition
A protein that can speed up a specific chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
A small and loosely bound nonprotein molecule that participates in a reaction as a part of an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
A substance that can donate electrons to an electron acceptor,becoming oxidized in the process |
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Term
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Definition
A substance that can accept electrons from an electron donor, becoming reduced in the process |
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Term
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Definition
E0' the inherent tendency, measured in volts under standard conditions, of a compound to donate electrons |
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Term
Adenosine triphosphate ATP |
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Definition
A nucleotide that is the primary form in which chemical energy is conserved and utilized in cells |
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Term
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Definition
Anaerobic catabolism in which an organic compound is both an electron donor and an electron acceptor and ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorlation |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which a compound is oxidized with O2, as the terminal electron acceptor usually accompanied by ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
Substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
Production of ATP by the direct transfer of an energy rich phosphate molecule from a phosphorylated organic compound to ADP |
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Term
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Definition
A biochemical pathway in which glucose is fermented, yielding ATP and various fermentation products,also called en den Meyer old parkas pathway |
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Term
Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
The production of ATP from a photon motive force forced by electron transport of electrons from organic or inorganic electron donors |
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Term
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Definition
A source of energy resulting from the seperation of protons from hydroxyl ions across the cytoplasmic membrane, generating a membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
A multi protein enzyme complex embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane that catalysts the synthesis of ATP coupled to dissipation of the proton motive force |
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Definition
A cyclical series of reactions resulting in the conversion of acetate to two molecules of CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
a series of reactions in which ATP is synthesized by light-driven reactions and CO2 is fixed into cell material |
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Term
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Definition
an organism that uses light as an energy source |
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Definition
an organism that uses CO2 as its sole carbon source |
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Definition
photosynthesis carried out by cyanobacteria and green plants in which O2 is evolved |
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Term
AN-oxygenic photosynthesis |
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Definition
photosynthesis in which O2 is not produced |
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Definition
a light sensitive Mg containing porphyrin of phototrophic organism that initiates the process of photophosphorylation |
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Definition
the chlorophyll pigment of anoxygenic phototrophs |
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Term
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Definition
membrane stacks in cyanobacteria or in the chloroplast of eukaryotic phototrophs |
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Term
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Definition
light harvesting cholorophylls or bacteriochlorophylls in photocomplexes that funnel energy to the reaction center |
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Definition
a cigar-shaped structure present in the periphery of cells of green sulfur and green nonsulfer bacteria and containing the antenna bacteriochlorophylls |
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Definition
a hydrophobic accessory pigment present along with chlorophyll in photosynthetic membranes |
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Definition
the antenna pigment complex in cyanobacteria that contains phycocyanin and allophycocyanin or phycoerythrin coupled to proteins |
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Definition
an aggregate of phycobiliproteins |
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Definition
the production ATP in photosynthesis |
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Term
reverse electron transport |
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Definition
the energy dependent movement of electrons against the thermodynamic gradient to form a strong thermodynamic gradient to form a strong reductant from a weaker electron donor |
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Term
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Definition
a microorganism that oxidizes inorganic compounds as electron donors in energy metabolism |
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Definition
an organism in which an inorganic compound serves as the electron donor in energy metabolism and organic compounds serve as the carbon source |
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Definition
an enzyme, widely distributed in anaerobic microorganisms, capable of taking up or evolving H2 |
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Definition
the microbial conversion of NH3 to NO3- |
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Definition
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Definition
a phylum of archaea that contains both hyperthermophilic and colddwelling organisms |
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Definition
an organism with a growth temperature optimum of 80 degrees Celsius or greater |
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Definition
an organism whose growth is dependent on large concentrations (generally 9% or more) of NaCl |
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Definition
an organic or inorganic substance accumulated in the cytoplasm of a halophilic organism that maintains osmotic pressure |
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Definition
a light driven chloride pump that accumulates Cl- within the cytoplasm |
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Definition
a CH4- producing organism |
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Definition
a hot, sulfur rich generally acidic environment commonly inhabited by hyperthermophilic archaea |
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Definition
a deep sea hot spring emitting warm (~20 degrees C) to superheated (>300 degrees C) water |
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Definition
a heat shock (chaperonin) protein complex that functions to refold partially heat denatured proteins in hyperthermophiles |
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Definition
a protein universally present in hyperthermophiles that introduces positive supercoils into circular DNA |
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Definition
iron oxide-rich ancient sedimentary rocks containing zones of oxidized iron (Fe3+) formed by oxidation of Fe2+ by O2 produced by cyanobacteria |
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Definition
a genetic trait that confers resistance to malaria, but causes a reduction in the efficiency of red blood cells by altering a red blood cell enzyme |
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Definition
a genetic trait that confers resistance to malaria, but causes a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by reducing the life expectancy of the affected read blood cells |
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Definition
a disease characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and anemia, caused by the protist Plasmodium spp. usually transmitted between mammals through the bite of the anopheles mosquito |
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Definition
a cell or organism having a unit membrane-enclosed nucleus and usually other organelles; a member of eukarya |
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Definition
a positively charged proteins that package eukaryotic DNA in nucleosomes |
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Definition
the internal membranes of a mitrocondrion |
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Definition
a organelle of endosymbiotic origin present in certain anaerobic eukaryotic microorganisms that functions to oxidize pyruvate to H2, CO2 and acetate along with the production of one molecule of ATP |
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Definition
the photosynthetic organelle of eukaryotic phototrophs |
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Definition
the series of biosynthetic reactions by which most photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 to organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
the idea that a chemoorganotrophic bacterium and a cyanobacterium were stably incorporated into another cell type to give rise, respectively, to the mitochondria and chloroplasts of modern-day eukaryotes |
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Definition
the cellular scaffolding typical of eukaryotic cells in which microtubules microfilaments, and intermediate filaments define the cell's shape |
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Definition
ECM - Proteins and polysaccharides that surround an animal cell and in which the cell is embedded |
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Definition
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Definition
any protist characterized in part by rapid motility driven by numerous short appendages called cilia |
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Definition
nonphototrophic eukaryotic microorganisms with rigid cell walls |
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Definition
the asexual spores of fungi |
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Definition
a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine commonly found in the cel walls of fungi |
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Definition
phototrophic eukaryotes, both microorganism and macro-organisms |
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Definition
the growth form of certain protists and green algae in which several cells live together and cooperate for feeding; motility of reproduction; an early form of multcellularity |
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Definition
the organelle that contains the eukaryotic cells chromosomes |
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Definition
the respiratory organelle of eukaryotic organisms |
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Definition
the lumen of the chloroplast, surrounded by the inner membrane |
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Definition
a membrane layer containing the photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts |
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Definition
an organelle containing digestive enzymes for hydrolysis of proteins, fats and polysaccharides |
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Definition
an organelle that functions to rid the cell of toxic substances such as peroxides, alcohols, and fatty acids |
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Definition
a filamentous polymer of the protein alfa tubulin and beta tubulin that functions in eukaryotic call shape and motility |
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Definition
a filamentous polymer of the protein actin that helps maintain the shape of a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
a filamentous polymer of fibrous keratin proteins, supercoiled into thicker fibers, that functions in maintaining cell shape an the positioning of certain organelles in the eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
a unicellular eukaryotic microorganism may be flagellate or aflagellate, phototrophic or nonphototrophic and most lack cell walls includes algae and protazoa |
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Definition
a mechanism for ingesting particulate material in which a portion of the cytoplasmic membrane surrounds the particle and brings it into the cell |
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Definition
a nonphototrophic protist that lacks cell walls and that aggregates to form fruiting structure or masses of protoplasm |
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Definition
the aboveground fruiting body, or basidiocarp, of basidiomycete fungi |
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Definition
the single-celled growth form of various fungi |
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Definition
a protein that forms a ring along the midcell division plane to initiate cell division |
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Definition
a complex of proteins that directs cell division process in prokaryotes |
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Definition
formation of peptide crossing links between muramic acid residues in peptidoglycan synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
the permeability barrier of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from the environment |
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Term
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Definition
a transporter that consists of only a membrane spanning protein and is typically driven by energy from the proton motive force |
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Term
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Definition
a membrane transport system consisting of three proteins, one of which hydrolyzes ATP, the system transports specific nutrients into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
a bacterial cell whose cell wall consists chiefly of peptidoglycan; it lacks the outer membrane of gram negative cells |
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Term
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Definition
a bacterial cell with a cell wall containing small amounts of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide, lipoprotein, and other complex macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
a differential staining procedure that stains cells either purple (+) or pink (-) |
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Term
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Definition
a polysaccharide composed of alternating repeats of N-acetylmuramic acid arranged in adjacent layers and cross-linked by short peptides |
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Term
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Definition
a phosphorylated polyalcohol found in the cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
a phospholipid and polysaccharide- containing unit membrane that lies external to the peptidoglycan layer in cells of gram negative bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
a gel like region between the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane and the inner surface of the lipopolysaccharide layer of gram negative bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
an outermost cell surface layer composed of protein or glycoprotein present on some bacteria and archaea |
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