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The study of the moon, stars, and other objects in space.
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imaginary line that passes through Earth's center and the North and South poles. |
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The spinning of Earth on its axis. |
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The movements of one object around another. |
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Revolution vs Rotation
Seasons |
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Earth Rotates on Axis causing Day/Night
Earth Revolves around Sun causing Years
Earth has Seasons because its axis is tilted as is revolves around the Sun |
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Each of two days when the Sun is FARTHEST NORTH or FARTHEST SOUTH of the equator.
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Farthest North = Northern Hemesphere
Longest day = June 21
Summer there |
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Farthest South of Equater
Northern Hemisphere = shortest day
Deceber 21
Winter in Northern Hemisphere
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- Half way between solstices, neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun.
- Day and night are equal about 12 hours long
- Sept 22= Autumnal
- March 21 = Vernal
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attracts all objects toward each other |
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Newton's law of universal gravitation |
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every object in the universe attracts every other object |
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force of gravity-2 factors |
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mass of the objects
distance between objects |
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amount of matter in an object |
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the force of gravity on an object
can change with location
you way 1/6 your weight on the moon |
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gravity decreases when distance increases
distance doubles the gravity goes to one forth |
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tendency of an object to resist a change in motion |
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Newton's first law of motion |
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object at rest will stay at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted on by an outside force |
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the 2 factors that together keep earth in orbit around the sun and the moon in orbit around earth |
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- the different shapes of the moon you see from Earth
- the changing relative positions of the moon, Earth and sun case them
- What you see depends on how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth
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When the moon's shadow hits Earth or the Earth's shadow hits the moon
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Two types of Eclipses: Lunar and Solar |
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Solar= Sun > Moon > Earth
Moon passes directly in between Earthand sun, blocking sunlight from Earth
Lunar= Sun > Earth > Moon
Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon |
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- the darkest part of the moons shadow that is cone shaped in a Total Solar Eclipse where the light of the sun is completely blocked out
- the darkest part of the earth's shadow on the moon is a Total Lunar Eclipse only on Full Moons where the moon is total blocked out...it has a red tint from the Earth's atmosphere
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the larger part of the shadow wher part of the sun is visible during a Solar Eclipse and part of the moon is visible during a Lunar Eclipse
this is where you see a Partial Solar or Partial Lunar Eclipses |
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caused mainly by differences in how much the moon's gravity pulls on different parts of the Earth |
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when the sun moon and earth line up ( doesn't matter the order so it could be full moon or new moon) the sun also pulls on the Earth's waters and you have: THE GREATEST DIFFERENCE between low and high tides |
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during the 1st and 3rd quarter of the phases of the moon, the line between the Earth and the sun and the moon is at right angle
sun > earth
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moon
The LEAST DIFFERENCE between high and low tides |
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Closest to Moon and Farthest from Moon = high
between the two high tides = low
see diagram on page 26 fig 16 |
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Tilts of the Earth Summary |
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Summer Solstice: June 21 North end of Earth to Sun
Autumnal Equinox: Sept. 22 no end of Earth to Sun
Winter Solstice: December 21: South end of Earth to Sun
Vernal Equinox: March 21: no end of Earth to Sun |
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a device built to observe distant objects by making them appear closer |
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Features on the moon's surface |
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the hardened rock formed from huge lava flows that occurred 3-4 billion yrs ago
appear as dark flat areas using telescope |
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large round pits made from the impact of meteoroids hitting the moon |
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chunks of rock and dust from space |
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mountains on the moon's surface that are light-colored features
cast dark shadows on the rims of the craters |
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Characteristics of the Moon |
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- dry
- airless
- compared to Earth, it is small
- has large variations in its surface temperature
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Size and Density of the Moon |
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- 3.4 thousand Kilometers in diameter=little less than distance across US
- 1/4 Earth's diameter
- 1/80 the mass of the Earth
- Moon's density = density of Earth's outer layers
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Temperature and Atmosphere |
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Direct Sunlight = 130*C
Night = -180*C
Without an atmosphere the temperature vary so much
With little gravity the gases escape into space so there is no air |
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The moon has no liquid water
Evidence of ice near Moon's poles that is covered from sunlight by crater walls and tem is so low - that would be where a colony would be built if anywhere on Moon |
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the origin of the Moon = The Collision-Ring Theory |
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the moon formed early in Earth's history when a planet-sized object struck Earth. The resulting debris formed a ring and the gravity caused the material to combine together to form the moon. |
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