Term
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Definition
Type site
chalcolithic
densely populated |
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Term
| Wadi (arabic) Nahul (Hebrew) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
broad houses
chalcolithic
particular- House Gods (long nose, ears like poles, no mouth and strange eyes) |
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Term
| Basalt Stone Vessel Industry |
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Definition
Very Fine etchings
sat on a fenestration-pedestal bowl
Golan culture |
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Term
|
Definition
People who lived underground
bir matar, bir safadi
Beer Sheva Culture |
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Term
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Definition
holds in stomach, nipples for pubic hair
Beer sheva
chalcolithic |
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Term
|
Definition
Gilat
appears crying- naked- emphasis on female genitals
chalcolithic |
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Term
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Definition
male counterpart to woman with churn
chalcolithic |
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Term
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Definition
bone box
chalcolithic
found along costs
made of ceramic- secondary buriel |
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Term
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Definition
ben shemen
2 large stone ossuaries with multiple buriels |
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Term
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Definition
nahal mishmar
over 465 artifacts
lost wax technique recovered here |
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Term
|
Definition
where treasure of mishmar thought to have come from
perhaps moved for safe keeping
ein gedi
chalcolithic |
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Term
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Definition
Ebla
Egypt : lower (north) upper (south)
archaic period, old kingdom |
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Term
Archaic period
old kingdom |
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Definition
dynasties 1,2
dynasties 3-6 |
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Term
|
Definition
Late chalcolithic period
proto-urban period |
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Term
|
Definition
emphasis on agriculture
wine and figs cultivated
curvilinear architecture |
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Term
|
Definition
Shaft tomb-phase 1
charnel houses- phase 2
nawamis |
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Term
|
Definition
gray burnished ware
red burnished ware
line-painted pottery
teapots- Mesopotamian influence
omphalos bowls |
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Term
| Most important site of EBI and why |
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Definition
Tel erani
found Sherd w/ Serekh of Narmar (first pharoh) |
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Term
| Narmer's cosmetic palette |
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Definition
| considered earliest document ever |
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Term
|
Definition
| rushes animals into hole to capture (herding animals into a trap) |
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Term
|
Definition
first great period of Urbanization
Main sites : Arad, Bab edh Dhra, Numeira |
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Term
|
Definition
mining of Turquoise
sekhemhet wall relief- wadi magharah |
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Term
| Connections with Sinai EBII-III |
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Definition
| trading occurred, copper industry set up with small cities from Sinai all through palestine to arad |
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Term
|
Definition
architecture from EBII-III
Yarmuth- giant wall fortification
Glacis- bottom of fortificatoin walls- sloping ramp |
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Term
|
Definition
nothing built on top of site
arad house=broad house |
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Term
|
Definition
broad house
raised roofs to capture water
entrance uses timbers like ossuary structures |
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Term
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Definition
Big sacrificial alter
believed in Triad - 1 male/wife/son |
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Term
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Definition
house of moon god
9 silos of grain |
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Term
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Definition
| round with single chamber and organized in clusters |
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Term
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Definition
| retained EBIII culture/traditions more than any other sites |
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Term
| Large handles hallmark of what era |
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Definition
| EB jars often had large handles |
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Term
|
Definition
ceramic
named for the sound it makes when flicked |
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Term
|
Definition
EBIII
highly burnished
red base with red spilling over
narrow bases, molded decorations |
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Term
|
Definition
biggest collection of metal objects found
mostly arrowheads, spears, chisels etc
found in field with no stratigraphy |
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Term
|
Definition
found in Kfar Monash hoard
peg at center so axe doesnt get stuck in body |
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Term
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Definition
arad
EBII-III
similar to sumerian Dumuzi God |
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Term
| Cylinder Seal impressions |
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Definition
first time an object from a diff. culture is used for something besides its original purpose
from mesopotamia |
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Term
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Definition
| Bab ed drah- charnel buriel houses serve as multiple buriels |
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Term
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Definition
Egyptian attacks-uni's attack at the antelopes nose
Amorites
Environment considerations
overpopulation
combination of the above |
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Term
| Connections to the bible in EBII-III |
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Definition
Ebla- reference to 5 cities of plains
Sodom
Gomorrah
Admeah
Zebolah |
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Term
| Etological explanation of EBII-III |
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Definition
"rephaim" (giants) may be explained by a reaction to huge walls
Like the greek Cyclopean walls |
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Term
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Definition
Negev- pop estimated at 75
EBIV/MBI |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| move from high to low based on time of year with flocks |
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Term
| Buriel customs of EBIV/MBI |
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Definition
megalithic dolmens (big stone)- buriel cysts made with big stones
shaft tombs can be vast
tumuli placed among houses |
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Term
|
Definition
| stone structures used for temp buriel until moved found around houses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
seminite nomads arrive in Egypt
Metal smiths carrying bellas |
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Term
|
Definition
single most important find of time period
EBIV/MBI
size of shot glass
goblet describes figures from Enuma Elish story |
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Term
|
Definition
single most important find of time period
EBIV/MBI
size of shot glass
goblet describes figures from Enuma Elish story |
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Term
| Most important find of EBIV/MBI |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Geographic reference to Uni's record- bay of hypha |
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Term
Tiamat, Apsu, Mummu, Ea, Marduk
are all from what? |
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Definition
Elish Enuma
marduk is hero |
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Term
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Definition
EBIV/MBI
folded form known as "envelope shaped" tend to be globular
squat globular jars with pinched mouth |
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Term
| Transjordanian pottery group |
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Definition
EBIV/MBI
sedentary sites east of dead sea
shapes and decor close to EBIII traditions
burnished red slip |
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Term
|
Definition
EBIV/MBI
light buff clay lack red slip or painted decor
flat bowls, amphoriskoi, teapots |
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Term
| possible main groups of people from EBIV/MBI |
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Definition
Amurru (sumerian) = amorites
West Semitic
Hebrew Patriarchs
"torque-bearers"
Autochthonous pastoral nomads |
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Term
|
Definition
equivalent to Egypts 12th dynasty
coastal settlements
Canaanites origin of culture |
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Term
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Definition
Acre, Megiddo
both different in style so not uniform yet |
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Term
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Definition
| Mari texts say Canaanites traded for tin in Mari and tin probably originated from east (Afghanistan) |
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Term
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Definition
MBIIA
can cut through armor
has similar peg from epsilon axe |
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Term
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Definition
low point, Canaanites conquer part of Egypt
Hyksos rule |
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Term
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Definition
foreign rulers
MBIIB-C
rule from Avaris as capital in Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitanni was the land of the Hurrian peoples |
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Term
| Largest/most important site of MBIIB-C |
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Definition
| Hazor- shows first concept of lower/upper city in Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bottom of fortification walls- sloping ramp |
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Term
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Definition
| pressed down earth (layers/levels forms of early engineering) |
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Term
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Definition
Bricks covering glacis
shapes of tel were mostly result of fortification |
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Term
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Definition
MBIIB-C
uniform plan/style now appears
more rectangular gates |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 sites invented archway Tel Dan, Tel Ashkelon |
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Term
|
Definition
large open cultic center at Gezer
MBIIB-C |
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Term
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Definition
| carinated (has angles) and shapes resemble metallic shapes |
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Term
|
Definition
MBIIB-C
stamped holes into pottery when wet, then smashed lime into it to have little white dots for decor |
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Term
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Definition
two colored
red and black
MBIIB-C |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
MBIIB-C
appear now instead of clay/ceramic |
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Term
|
Definition
MBIIB-C
female figurines on hammered gold to make sheet gold figurines found at Gezer |
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Term
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Definition
done in silver
does not greatly vary with time during this period |
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Term
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Definition
| Akkadian and Proto-Canaanite |
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Term
| Merneptah Stele (Israel Stele) |
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Definition
| campaign of canaanites- mention conquest of cities and mentions Israel by name- first and ONLY time "Israel" (as name of tribe) appears in Egyptian sources |
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Term
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Definition
MBIIB-C
created artificial slope from debris, limestone, and layers of chalk chips |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
expels Hyskos- creates new Cultic religion with the center being Amun-Ra, the sun was Aten a minor facto to Amun-ra
polytheism |
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Term
|
Definition
| disputes with priests of Amun-Ra so he tried to change Egypt to a monotheistic God- aten the universal diety that was once the solar disc (sun) god a minor god to Amun-Ra |
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Term
|
Definition
see appearance of these in MBIIB-C
clear patterns arise beginning, middle, end
some have intros with information on the ruler, his accomplishments etc |
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Term
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Definition
LBA
Shasu-egyptian term- semi nomadic
Invaders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Deterioroation of Canaanite Culture |
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Definition
egyptian competition
invasions
other rivalries |
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Term
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Definition
Highly literate group
LBA
considered most important part of Canaanite culture
Language was a canaanite dialect
some scrips written in Ugarit and akkadian |
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Term
| settlement pattern of LBA |
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Definition
lacked fortifications
hill country (sumerian) |
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Term
|
Definition
Most sites contain no (or no newly built) fortifications
megiddo has gate but lacks defensive wall |
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Term
|
Definition
Fosse Temple, Lachish- Best example of temples
many ivories found**
3 temples built on eachother |
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Term
| Pottery and international trade of LBA |
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Definition
Distinctive Red/Black (bi chromeware)
many influences on pottery showing Canaanite and cyprusian |
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Term
|
Definition
carved ivories
Megiddo ivories (over 300)
lachish ivories
Common artistic medium but no traditional style
ivory plaque, megiddo |
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Term
|
Definition
Copper mining at Timma
sickle sword
daggers cast with hilt |
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Term
|
Definition
mining in the LBA
Egyptian temple found there, with inscription of Ramses III |
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Term
|
Definition
canaanites use alphabet
Ugaritic-unique to ugarit, 24 signs written on tablets
Proto Canaanite- Canaan proper- one variation of alphabet
Proto Sinaitic- found in Sinai- Egyptians worked with Canaanites |
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Term
|
Definition
built tomb w/ corbelled reef roofs
Anthropoid coffins- egyptian
couple buriels appear |
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Term
|
Definition
built tomb w/ corbelled reef roofs
Anthropoid coffins- egyptian
couple burials appear |
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Term
|
Definition
LBA
took 7 mos to break into city |
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Term
|
Definition
| largest list of geographical history found at temple of Amun at Karnak |
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Term
|
Definition
LBA
Arman letters- written in Arcadamn (lingua franca)
egyptian rule in Akhenaton |
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Term
|
Definition
Uluburun means Great Cape
oldest shipwreck
mostly raw materials |
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Term
|
Definition
LBA
(head of an ox like -paintd on with orangish color) doesn't really resemble ox
uluburun |
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Term
| Bun ingots, tin ingots, glass ingots |
|
Definition
Uluburun
LBA
Earliest datable Tin ingots in world
bun ingots shaped as pillow ingots as well
glass ingots show early trade of glass as a raw material |
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Term
|
Definition
used to transport wine
Large jug
uluburun |
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Term
|
Definition
Uluburun
Canaanite- personal object, so could mean ship was canaanite merchant |
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Term
|
Definition
plant used to pad cargo to protct it during voyage (like packing peanuts protect goods)
uluburun |
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Term
|
Definition
Uluburun
two handles, with narrow bottom
suggest also canaanite trading ship |
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Term
|
Definition
egyptian ebony
ties egypt into maritime trade
Uluburun |
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Term
|
Definition
large storage jars
Uluburun |
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Term
| pistacia (terbinth) resin |
|
Definition
pistachio tree resin- sometimes used for healing, or used to make turpentine
Uluburun |
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Term
| Faience drinking cups rhyton |
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Definition
decorated drinking cups often with shape of goats/rams head as design-rhyton is greek for drinking cup
Uluburun |
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Term
|
Definition
Uluburun
shows Egyptian connections in trade
scarab means dung beetle-often symbol for rebirth |
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Term
| Domed and Sphendonoid weights |
|
Definition
syro-canaanite origins
Uluburun |
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Term
| Skeleton based construction |
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Definition
laid outline of ship first like a skeleton of wood or like a frame
uluburun |
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Term
| shell based ship construction |
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Definition
uluburun
made outside f ship first (completely filled wood,) then added frame inside of shell to reinforce the shell |
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Term
| Mortise and tenon joinery |
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Definition
| pegs and nail like objects to hold pieces of ship together |
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