• Private nonprofit groups

Deforestation*    

Ecosystem-based timber harvesting    

Leaves seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests    

Logging in developing nations   

• Most deforestation is in Latin America and Africa
• Settlements for more people
• Resource extraction and sales overseas
• Fuelwood for cooking and heating    

Maximum sustainable yield graph    

• Aims to achieve the maximum amount of resource extraction without depleting the resource from one harvest to the next
• [image]

National Forest Management Act ____ national forest land*    

Was passed in 1976 with intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield    

• Off-limits to development
• Allow hiking, nature study, other low-impact recreation
• 750 areas, 44 million ha (110 million acres)

Paper parks    

areas protected on paper but not in reality   

• Burning areas of forests under carefully controlled conditions
• Remove fuel loads, nourish soil, encourage growth of new vegetation    

• Logistic growth curve: a plot that shows how the initial exponential of a population is slowed and finally brought to a standstill by limiting factors
• Resource management: use of strategies to manage and regulate the harvest of renewable resources

An estrogen mimic that is used in plastic manufacturing    

Pesticide drift    

Airborne transport of pesticides    

Most chemicals are water soluble so they enter these organisms through drinking or skin absorption    

• Toxicant concentrations are magnified through trophic levels
• Resulted in the near extinction of peregrine falcons and bald eagles

The bald eagles, brown pelicans, and peregrine falcons all are*    

Top consumers susceptible to eggshell damage caused by DDT    

Restrict any chemical that shows any sign of toxicity until it is proven safe    

Found through laboratory experiments that male frogs raised in water containing very low doses of atrazine became feminized and hermaphroditic, developing both testes and ovaries    

• Teratogens affect the development of human embryos in the womb can cause birth defects.

Mineral resources    

Make building materials, wiring clothing, appliances, fertilizers for crops    

Strip mining: layers of surface soil and rock are removed from large areas to expose the resource.

Subsurface mining: shafts are excavated deep into the ground, and networks of tunnels are dug or blasted out to follow deposits of the mineral.    

A naturally occurring solid chemical element with a distinct composition and crystalline structure in a(n) ___?*    

Mineral   

U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977*    

Mining companies to post bonds to cover restoration of mined areas before permits are granted    

Surrounds the core as a thick, elastic rock formation   

Many types of mining, such as for coal and copper, produce a specific type of water pollution called ____.*    

Acid drainage    

Type of water pollution produced by mining    

Lithosphere    

• Harder rock that contains the mantle and crust

Plate tectonic movement results from ___ .*    

Convective movements of rock in the underlying mantle    

Only about 2.5% of all the water on our planet is freshwater. However, ___.*    

Most of this is far from where humans live    

Types of rocks and how they are formed (ex. sedimentary)    

• Formed as sediments are pressed together and bound by dissolved materials
• Compaction and transformation also create fossils    

Earthquakes    

• A release of pressure along plate boundaries and faults
• Some can do tremendous damage to life and property

• Huge volumes of water are displaced by:
• Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides
• Can travel thousands of miles across oceans
• Damages coral reefs, coastal forests, and wetlands
  • Saltwater contamination makes it hard to restore them    

Artesian wells   

Primary use of fresh water by humans    

Floodplains    

The region of land over which a river has historically wandered and periodically floods    

We build dams to ___.*    

Generate electricity, prevent flooding and provide irrigation    

Dam removal in this country*    

Will probably continue because the environment impacts of dams are reviewed periodically    

Which of the following will contribute to water conservation?*    

Watering lawns at night, using low-flow faucets, landscaping with native plants    

Currently, the greatest ecological crisis facing marine food webs is ___?*    

Overharvesting    

Freshwater consumption in most developed countries    

Problems with Soviet cotton farming    

The Aral Sea lost four-fifths of its volume in just 45 years as water from the two rivers that feed it was withdrawn to provide irrigation

Steps in the treatment of water at a municipal water treatment plant    

1. Screens and grit tank
2. Primary clarifier
3. Aeration basin
4. Secondary clarifier
5. Filtering and disinfection

El Nino    

The exceptionally strong warming of the eastern Pacific Ocean that occurs every 2 to 7 years and depresses local fish and bird populations by altering the marine food web in the area.    

• The accidental capture of nontarget organisms while fishing for target species
  • that portion of a commercial fishing catch consisting of animals caught unintentionally. It kills many thousands of fish, sharks, marine mammals, and birds each year.    

% Of large-bodied fish and sharks lost in the first decade of industrialized fishing    

Marine reserves   

An area of the ocean designed as a “no-fishing” zone, allowing no extractive activities    

Littoral zones    

• Nutrient-rich edge of a water body
• Rooted aquatic plants grow in this shallow part    

• Extends along the bottom of the water body
• Home to many invertebrates

• Open portion of the lake or pond where sunlight allows photosynthesis