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| Chemical reactants that occur within an organism |
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| has many steps, begin with a specific molecule and end with a product |
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| breakdown; release energy |
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| the capacity to cause change |
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| the energy associated with motion that is released in a chemical reaction; the energy that is spent |
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| energy possessed because of location or structure |
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| the kinetic energy associated with random movements |
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| the study of transformations |
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| isolated from surroundings |
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| energy is transferred between system and surroundings |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy can't be created or destroyed; energy can be transferred and transformed |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| every transformation or transfer increaes entropy in the universe |
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| change of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs spontaneously; G<0 |
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| proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous; G>0 |
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| one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is non-spontaneous |
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| powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions |
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| the way cells manage their energy resources to do this work |
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| a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| the reactant an enzyme acts on |
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| the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds |
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| of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction |
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| non-protein enzyme helpers |
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| bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate |
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| the term used to describe any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule at another site |
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| the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway by binding to the enzyme that acts early in the pathway |
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