Term
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Definition
| influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on Nature vs. nurture |
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Term
| Gene Environment interaction |
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Definition
| Genes can influence traits which affect responses, and environment can affect gene activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements
Dominant- referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait
recessive- referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene |
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Term
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Definition
| tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA |
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Term
| When does life actually begin? |
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Definition
| with fertilization of the egg |
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Term
| Identical Twins (Monozygotic twins) |
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Definition
roughly 1 in every 250 births
egg splits in half developing two fetus with same genetic composition |
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Term
| Fraternal twins (Dizygotic twins) |
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Definition
twice as common as identical twins
two eggs are fertilized at once, genetically they are just two ordinary siblings. |
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Term
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Definition
-first two weeks after fertilization
-zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
-EMBRYO- name for the developing organism from 2-8 weeks after fertilization
-Placenta begins to form |
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Term
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Definition
2-8 weeks after fertilization
-major organs and structures of organism develop
-critical period- times during which certain environmental influences can have impact on the development of the infant (Smoking, drinking, ect.)
-teratogen-any factor that can cause a birth defect |
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Term
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Definition
-8 weeks to birth
-Fetus-name for developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to birth of the baby |
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Term
| Identical Twins are ________ twins and fraternal twins are _______ twins. |
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Definition
Identical twins =monozygotic
Fraternal twins= dizygotic |
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Term
| Infants are born with ______ to help them survive? |
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Definition
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Term
| All Senses except for _____ in infants are fairly well developed at birth. |
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Definition
Vision
-because lens is fixed because muscles that control accommodation have not matured yet..
-clear vision is roughly 7-10 inches, distances to mothers face when being held..
-cones have not developed yet so no color vision at birth |
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Term
| Brain development at birth |
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Definition
| brain is very simple at birth in comparison to roughly 15 months when many pathways have been created.. |
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Term
| Piaget on Childrens cognitive development |
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Definition
| children make sense of their world by forming schemas (concepts of frameworks to organize and interpret information) |
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Term
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Definition
| They try to understand new things in terms of schemas they already have |
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Term
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Definition
| they also adjust or alter old schemas to fit new information |
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Term
| After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds, this best illustrates the process of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget) |
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Definition
-Birth to 2 years
-infants uses senses and motor abilities to interact
-object permanence (knowledge that an object exists even when its not in sight)
-happens around 8 months |
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Term
| Preoperational Stage (Piaget) |
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Definition
-2 years to 6 or 7 years
- preschool child learns to use language as a meaning of exploring the world
-egocentrism (the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes)
-centration (focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features)
- Conservation (ability to understand that simply changing the apperance of an object does not change the object's nature)
-irreversibility (the inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action) |
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Term
| Concrete Operations Stage (Piaget) |
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Definition
-7 to 12 years
-becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not capable of abstract thinking |
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Term
| Formal Operations (Piaget) |
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Definition
-12 to adulthood
-Adolescent becomes capable of thinking logically as well as abstractly |
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Term
| Chart of Cognitive Development stages |
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Definition
Senorimotor - birth- 2 years - experience through sense
Preoperational - 2-7 years- use of words and images
Concrete- 7-11 years- thinking logically
Formal - 12 to adulthood- abstract reasoning |
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Term
| Stages of Language Development |
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Definition
-Cooing
-Babbling
-One word speech (Holophrases)
-Telegraphic Speech
-Whole sentances |
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Term
| Language Acquisition device |
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Definition
governs the learning of language during infancy and early childhood
proposed by chomsky |
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Term
| Jack is learning to understand algebra. He loves to discuss philosophical issues with his friends, and is exploring various religious beliefs. Jack is in Jean Piaget's ______ Stage. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-the behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth
-Easy:Regular,adaptable, and happy
-difficult: Irregular, nonadaptable, and irritable
-Slow to warm up: need to adjust gradually to change
(Identical twins express similar temperaments, suggesting heredity predisposes temperament) |
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Term
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Definition
the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver
-Ainsworth studied this with a series of leaving and returning mother and stranger tests |
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Term
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Definition
secure- willing to explore; upset when mother departs, but easily soothed upon her return
avoidant- unattached; explores without "touching base"
Ambivalent- insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves and then angry with mother upon return
Disorganized-dioriented- insecurely attached and sometimes abused or neglected; child seems fearful, dazed, and depressed. |
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Term
| Harlow's Contact Comfort test |
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Definition
showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not just nourishment
Done with a monkey and a wire mother that feeds and a cloth mother... sees which one the monkey goes to when scared... always went to cloth monkey for comfort |
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Term
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Definition
| Parent imposes rules and expects obedience |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents submit to children's demands |
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Term
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Definition
| Parents are demanding but responsive to their children |
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Term
| Longitudinal Research Method |
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Definition
| Research designs in which one participant or a group of participants are studied over a long period of time |
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Term
| Cross-Sectional Research Method |
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Definition
| Research design in which several different age groups are studied at one particular point in time |
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Term
| Cross-Sequential Research Method |
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Definition
Research designs in which participants are first studied by means of cross sections and the followed over time (logitudinal)
MIXTURE OF BOTH |
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Term
| Erikson Psychosocial stages of development in children |
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Definition
-infant- birth to 1 year- Trust vs. mistrust
- toddler- 1 to 3 years- autonomy vs shame and doubt
-preschool- 3 to 5 years- initiative vs guilt
-elementary- Industry vs inferiority |
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Term
| Infant Developmental crisis (Erikson) |
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Definition
| Trust vs mistrust -they learn to trust or not based on whether or not their needs are met |
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Term
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Definition
| Autonomy vs shame and doubt- toddlers realize that they can direct their own behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiative vs guilt- preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior, such as exuberance in a restaurant. |
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Term
| Elementary School (Erikson) |
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Definition
| Industry vs. Inferiority - School aged children are faced with learning new social and academic skills. Social comparison is a primary source of information. |
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Term
| When a toddler realizes they can direct their own behavior and learn to be independent, they are in what erikson stage? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-ages 13-20
-adolescence begins with puberty (sexual maturation)
-puberty occurs earlier in females (11 years) than males (13 years)
-Thus height in females increases before males. |
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Term
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Definition
- during puberty primary sexual characteristics develop rapidly
-primary sexual characteristics include reproductive organs and external genitalia
-also secondary sexual characteristics develop
- male secondary characteristics include deepening voice and facial/pubic hair
-women secondary characteristics include breast development and hip widening |
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Term
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Definition
| is when someone's body begins changing from a child into an adult too soon. The process of changing from a child into an adult is know as puberty, and puberty that begins before age 8 for girls and before age 9 for boys is considered PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY. |
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Term
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Definition
the psychological aspects of being male or female
Biological influences: hormones and chromosomes
Environmental influences: parenting, surrounding, and culture on the formation of gender identity. |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of one's gender and the behavior associated with that gender |
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Term
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Definition
| gender identity is formed through reinforcement of appropriate gender behavior as well as imitation of gender models |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that gender identity acquisition in which a child develops a mental patter, or schema, for being male or female and the organizes observed and learned behaviors around that schema. |
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Term
| Bob sees his father fixing the car. Later, bob pretends to fix his toy cars. This would be a good example of the ______ theory of gender development. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a concept held about a person or group of people that is based on being male or female. |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice against males and/or females leading to unequal treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| acceptance of positive stereotypes of males and females that leads to unequal treatment |
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Term
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Definition
a person's sexual attraction preference for members of a particular sex
heterosexual- attracted to opposite sex
homosexual- attracted to same sex
bisexual- attracted to both men and women |
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Term
| Egocentric thinking has two types |
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Definition
| Personal Fable and Imaginary Audience |
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Term
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Definition
| type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm |
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Term
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Definition
| type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about their thoughts and characteristics as they themselves are. |
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Term
| Preconventional Morality (Kohlberg) |
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Definition
-Before age 9
- children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward
-physical consequences determine actions: good or bad
-child who steals a toy from another child and does not get caught does not see that action as wrong |
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Term
| Conventional Morality (Kohlberg) |
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Definition
- Early Adolescence
-social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake
-a child criticizes his or her parent for speeding because speeding is against the stated laws. |
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Term
| Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg) |
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Definition
affirms people's agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles.
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- a reporter who wrote a controversial story goes to jail rather than reveal the source's identity. |
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Term
| Socioemotional Development |
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Definition
-Children develop social skills through interaction and conflict with peers and imaginative play.
- parents promote social skill development through explicit instruction as well as modeling of appropriate interaction
-while peers allow for exchange between equals allowing for practice of skills associated with conflict resolution
- promotes children understanding that everyone has unique views separate from ourselves and requires cooperation and compromise |
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Term
| Socioemotional development cont |
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Definition
-big shifts from more concrete to more abstract
-shift from parents provided support to peer provided support and desired approval
-initially most influenced by home/family/parents
-later (middle childhood) most influenced by teachers and peers
-by adolescence children are most influenced and get most of their social support from peers. |
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Term
| Types of play in Socioemotional Development |
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Definition
-solitary play (playing alone)
-Parallel Play (engaged in same activity side by side with little interaction)
-Associative play (Like parallel play, but with increased interaction in forms of sharing, turn taking, and general interest in what other is doing)
- Cooperative Play (occurs when the children join together to achieve a common goal) |
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Term
| Age association with types of play |
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Definition
- 3 to 7 years old- everyone is a momentary play mate
-Lower elementary- same age same sex peers
-middle elementary- friends are companions they like doing stuff with
-6th grade- form groups that include boys and girls
-7th grade shifts to equally value peers with parents as social support
-10th grade - adolescents view peers as primary support group |
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Term
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Definition
-Popular (liked, attractive, cooperative, caring)
- Rejected (Disliked, aggressive, lack of social skills)
-Neglected (Neutral)
- Controversial (Liked and disliked frequently) |
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Term
| Identity vs. role confusion |
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Definition
| adolescent must find a consistent sense of self |
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Term
| Adolescents are in _______ stage of Piaget's cognitive developments and in ________ stage of Erikson's psychosocial development. |
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Definition
Formal Operations
identity vs . role confusion |
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Term
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Definition
beings in the early twenties and ends in death in old age
-divided into young adult hood, middle and late.
- muscular strength, reaction time, sense and cardiac output decline after mid-twenties.
- Around 50, women go through menopause and men experience decreased in hormone levels and fertility. |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional and psychological closeness to another that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self. |
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Term
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Definition
| providing guidance to one's children or the next generation, or contributing to the well being of the next generation through career or volunteer work |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full life and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego. |
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Term
| Fluid memory _____ with age, but crystallized intelligence ____ the ______.. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Kohlberg stage of moral development where behavior is governed by the consequences of one's behavior, and you show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
consists of a negative bias or stereotypical attitude toward aging and the aged. It is maintained in the form of primarily negative stereotypes and myths concerning the older adult.
-Plastic surgery for old people to look young because of fear of looking old. |
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