Term
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Definition
| a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UR) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth; The natural reflex that occurs after a stimulus |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response; An unlearned stimulus that causes a natural reflex response in an organism |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response; A stimulus that is paired with the UCS, that eventually comes to produce the same reflex |
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Term
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Definition
the loss of a learned response. In classical conditioning it happens if the
US doesn’t follow the CS. ex. ring bell but don’t bring food so no salivation |
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Term
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Definition
| the return of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause |
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Term
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Definition
| The application of a learned response to similar situations; ex. any type of gun will make you jump |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to distinguish among similar, but slightly different situations; ex. · See a stove is on, you don’t touch it; when it’s off, touch it |
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Term
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Definition
| an operation that affects mental contents; process of thinking. Learn the predictability of the event as well as an expectancy of an event |
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Term
| Biological Predispositions |
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Definition
Organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt
Natural selection favors traits that aid survival; learn taste aversions to avoid toxic food and thus were more likely to survive and leave descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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Term
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Definition
| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response; note: not punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need; food, water, air (food after performing task) increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli; any stimulus, presented after a response, strengthening the response |
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Term
| secondary (conditioned) reinforcer |
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Definition
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; - you have to learn what it does, A for a class, money (you have to learn the value of it, ripped dollar in class)
(associating light going on to food coming; turn on light = food) |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (vending machine) |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (slot machine) |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (weekly TV episodes) |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (facebook notifications) |
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Term
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Definition
| an event that decreases the behavior it follows |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
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Term
| Biological Predispositions |
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Definition
| Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. Instinctive drift occurred as the animals reverted to their biologically predisposed patterns; operant training works best when it builds on an animal’s natural behavior tendencies |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to stop noticing and responding to a stimulus after repeated exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorrect learning that can occur when a behavior is accidentally rewarded |
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