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Ch. 7 slides
Lewis Test 2
26
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
03/10/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards


 

 


 

Cards

Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Term
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Definition
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth; The natural reflex that occurs after a stimulus
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Definition
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response; An unlearned stimulus that causes a natural reflex response in an organism
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response; A stimulus that is paired with the UCS, that eventually comes to produce the same reflex
Term
extinction
Definition
the loss of a learned response. In classical conditioning it happens if the
US doesn’t follow the CS. ex. ring bell but don’t bring food so no salivation
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
the return of an extinguished conditioned response after a pause
Term
generalization
Definition
The application of a learned response to similar situations; ex. any type of gun will make you jump
Term
discrimination
Definition
learning to distinguish among similar, but slightly different situations; ex. · See a stove is on, you don’t touch it; when it’s off, touch it
Term
Cognitive Processes
Definition
an operation that affects mental contents; process of thinking. Learn the predictability of the event as well as an expectancy of an event
Term
Biological Predispositions
Definition
Organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt
Natural selection favors traits that aid survival; learn taste aversions to avoid toxic food and thus were more likely to survive and leave descendants
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Term
shaping
Definition
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Term
negative reinforcer
Definition
any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response; note: not punishment
Term
primary reinforcer
Definition
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need; food, water, air (food after performing task) increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli; any stimulus, presented after a response, strengthening the response
Term
secondary (conditioned) reinforcer
Definition
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; - you have to learn what it does, A for a class, money (you have to learn the value of it, ripped dollar in class)
(associating light going on to food coming; turn on light = food)
Term
fixed-ratio schedule
Definition
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (vending machine)
Term
variable-ratio
Definition
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (slot machine)
Term
fixed interval
Definition
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (weekly TV episodes)
Term
variable interval
Definition
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (facebook notifications)
Term
Punishment
Definition
an event that decreases the behavior it follows
Term
Cognitive map
Definition
a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Term
Biological Predispositions
Definition
Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive. Instinctive drift occurred as the animals reverted to their biologically predisposed patterns; operant training works best when it builds on an animal’s natural behavior tendencies
Term
habituation
Definition
tendency to stop noticing and responding to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
Term
superstitious learning
Definition
Incorrect learning that can occur when a behavior is accidentally rewarded
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