Term
| Rationalism (Differences from Empiricism) |
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Definition
1) emphasize a priori
2) active mind
3) deductive argument |
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Term
| How Rationalism Enfranchised Curiosity |
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Definition
1) Curiosity is not a "forbidden knowledge"
2) provided fresh p.o.v. for old questions (empiricism and rationalism)
3) Made a natural human quality |
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Term
| People who influenced People |
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Definition
1) Descartes --> Spinoza --> Leibniz --> von Wolff
2) Kant --> Herbart
3) Reid |
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Term
| Contributions of Rationalism |
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Definition
1) Overcome Montaigne Skepticism
2) Threshold concept
3) Focus: Unconscious (from threshold)
4) Lawfulness of Psych
5) Original Treatises
6) Education and Mathematics
7) Broaden Perspective of Experience |
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Term
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Definition
-sickly, pampered, w/ formal education
-revered church authority
-"The World" (1664) -- agreed with Galileo
-integrated system of thought
-interest = problem of knowledge |
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Term
| Descartes' "Skepticism"/Cartesian Method |
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Definition
-push skepticism to limit (immunity to doubt?)
-doubt --> think --> exist (cogito ergo sum)
--> DEDUCTIVE |
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Term
| Descartes' Rules for Intellect |
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Definition
*separate science and faith
*from "Discourses on Method..." (1637) and "Meditations on 1st Principles" (1641)
1) never accept anything as true unless immune from doubt
2) divide all difficulties into as many parts as possible
3) start w/ easiest and best known elements and proceed step-by-step to knowledge of more complex
4)make complete enumerations and comprehensive reviews to ensure nothing is left out
-based on "math proofs" (analytical geometry)
** led to questions about interaction between qualitatively different substances |
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Term
| Descartes' Scientific Procedure |
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Definition
-...Less emphasis on deduction for self-evident truths (consider design, reject results that defy reason)
-Ordinary experience (simple observations --> critical reflection)
-Discoveries (need theoretical framework for a method = BEST) |
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Term
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Definition
-"Benedict"
-Jewish
-raised penetrating questions, challenged
-SEPARATE faith and science (rational inquiry --> truth and knowing God)
-"Ethics" (1675) : geometry, step-by-step proof of nature of God and existence
-interest in optics (construction of microscopes) |
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Term
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Definition
-atheistic/double-aspect monism
-one ultimate reality = GOD
-God knows all, therefore = nature
*imagination = God is anthroprom., sexual identity, separate entity |
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Term
| Against Cartesian Logic (Spinoza) |
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Definition
-mind + body = two aspect of same reality; thus, physical and psych world are two expressions of same thing
-mental processes part of natural order |
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Term
| Spinozian Mind and Natural Law |
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Definition
-no absolute free will => freedom = association through knowledge of laws
-freer when not dominated by passions
-"Ethics" = freedom's meaning within a deterministic concept |
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Term
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Definition
-monism challenged dualism of mental
-inspired Wundt, Fechner, Muller, Helmholtz, Einstein
-concepts of repression, overcompensation, reaction formation, role of pleasure
-"Ethics" = accidental causality and superstition
-Emotions: number of causes; hate thing once loved = increased hatred b/c of sorrow
-geometric method for rationalism = axioms, numerous props., demonstrations
-emphasized: intuition essential for truth, careful examination of definitions, begin with self-evident for method
-suspicion of unexamined data |
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Term
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Definition
*UNITY
-reconcile Catholics and Protestants, medicine and science
-believed in universal language
-refused all work unless under royalty
-developed science of psychology |
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Term
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Definition
*middle ground between Cartesian dualism and Spinozian monism
-monad = principle of existence or ultimate unit of being (has energy); harmonious with universe
-preestablish harmony = congruence of different orders of reality, but these do not influence one another (God allowed for this)
-supplied a real diversity compared to interactionism (Descartes)
-psychophysical parallelism |
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Term
| Leibniz's Theological Evidence for Preestablished Harmony |
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Definition
-God knows all and wants best of all worlds, therefore, this world is best despite suffering and evil ("Theodicy")
-Voltaire's "Candide" satire |
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Term
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Definition
-vary depending on consciousness
-have a goals-quality
-can be conscious and unconscious (c = perception; u = apperception)
-petite perceptions = perceptions not aware of (=> THRESHOLD) |
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Term
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Definition
-intelligence and energy (from monads)
-nature of mind = active, therefore, sense not just important
*thinking = inherent part of monad
*sensory input no causal, but parallel to thinking
**Need senses and rational fns for causality |
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Term
| Leibniz Uniformitarianism |
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Definition
*concept that change is gradual and occurs over time
-natural processes = law of continuity
-growth, development, maintenance of identity
*development of science of psych |
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Term
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Definition
-elaborated on Leibniz
-accepted preestablished harmony
-advanced early faculty psych => Gall, Kant
-embraced beliefs offensive to theology of time
*used term "psychology"
-"Empirical Psych" (1732)
-"Rational Psych" (1734)
*Rational is better |
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Term
| von Wolff "Empirical Psych" |
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Definition
-studies facts associated with soul
-events in sense, feelings of pain and pleasure, etc. |
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Term
| von Wolff "Rational Psych" |
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Definition
-use of reason in metaphysical study of soul
-using it = discover principles and laws |
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Term
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Definition
-all knowledge begins with experience, but sensory info not pure, therefore, need filter through a priori fns
-tutor
-wanted people to think for themselves
-epistemological nature
-"Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone" (issues with Frederick the Great)
-greatly liked
-believed in evolution of solar system, geology, biology
**consolidated extremes of empiricism (Hume) and rationalism |
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Term
| Kant's Sense Experience and Reason |
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Definition
-analytical a priori = formal truths where predicate completely unpacks subject (when taken alone, redundant)
-synthetic a priori = truths that are not trivial but informative (genuinely inform, but not limited to definition of words) |
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Term
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Definition
-begins with sensory
-a priori sense of causality, therefore, mind imposes if-then judgement
-knowledge = sense experience + ordering principles (reason)
*categories of understanding = intuitive understanding of spatial, temporal, causality ordering; a prior ordering principles |
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Term
| Kant's Societal Consciousness |
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Definition
--> American experiment (of unity) : "To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch"
-world order to intervene during war between states, but permit sovereignty for nonholistic activities
-int'l conflict-resolution plans (21st)
-no like nationalism that underminded human values
=> EDU = widen context, enjoy moral progress in society |
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Term
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Definition
*Moral Development: tension between heteronomy and autonomy
-heteronomy = government from outside (external reward and punishment)
-autonomy = self-government and the ability to act in a moral manner (intrinsic)
-individual freedom even with causality of world, perception
-moral actions dependent on how we regard others as ends and not means
(ends = person's intrinsic worth; means = exploit for own purpose) |
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Term
| Johann Friederich Herbart |
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Definition
-interests = clinical application, edu probs, quant mental functions, unconscious, math psych
-Germany = orig. of Social Psych |
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Term
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Definition
-"The Science of Education" (1902/1977) : (pedagogical learning and retention)
-good teachers = review familiar material + introduce new; demonstrate practical app!
-Goal #1 = apperceptive mass (produce knowledge of facts and higher awareness of relationships)
-apperception = mental processes that are more complex than those in perception
-sets humans apart from animals (metalevel op)
-assimilation possible to use in other ares
-mental illness/injury interefere
-Goal #2 = moral development
-instill capacity for effort, teach delayed gratification, sensitivity to moral issues, see from multiple vantage, evolution of goodwill
-goodwill = empathy and willingness to abide by laws for greater good |
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Term
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Definition
-concepts/components = unconsc
*strive to by consc thru permeability
-math formulae to explain fusion of concepts (Fechner, Wundt etc. proved wrong)
-concepts of repression, suppression, threshold, unconsc from this
**invigorated founding of psych |
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Term
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Definition
-bridged empiricism and rationalism w/ commonsense phil
-Reid+Stewart = mind faculty divisions
-AGAINST Hume (and Berkeley)
**paved way for science of mind
-"An Inquiry of the Human Mind", "Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man", "Essays on the Active Powers of Man"
-increase faith in external world, one with real continuity, causality |
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Term
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Definition
*deeply held opposition to beliefs that are counterintuitive/do violence to our experience of the world
-...necessity
-beliefs in external world, causation, self as active manipulator = life is possible + successfully contribute to adaptation
-Berkeley and Hume = unnatural world and violate commonsense
*1st Principles |
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Term
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Definition
1) thoughts I consc of = myself, my mind, my person
2) that which we distinctively perceive through our sense = exist
3) we have some degree of power over our actions |
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Term
| Reid's Bridging of Empiricism and Rationalism |
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Definition
-adeq emp = discover important truths, therefore, innate principles of mind lead to convictions = natural of experience
-human experience = natural necessities more complicated than sensations
-belief of present existence of thing, memory of past experience of thing = experience/sensation |
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Term
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Definition
-"Elements of the Phil of the Human Mind" (1792/1802)
--> (Reid) restored faith in external world, one with real continuity and causality
-work on attn, memory, associations, imagination
-mind faculty divisions |
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