Term
| Functions of Bone and Skeletal System |
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Definition
| Support, protection, Assistance in movement, Mineral Homeostasis, Blood cell production, Triglyceride Storage |
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Term
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Definition
| Diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum |
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Definition
| the bone's shaft or body- the long cylindrical, main,portion of the bone |
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Definition
| proximal and distal ends of the bone |
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Definition
| regions between the diaphyses and the epiphyses |
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Term
| Epiphyseal (growth) plate |
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Definition
| a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length; found in the metaphyses |
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Definition
| replaces the epiphyseal (growth) plate when a person is done growing |
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Definition
| a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms and articulation (joint) with another bone |
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Definition
| surrounds the external bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. Composed of outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer that consists of cells. |
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Definition
| enable the bone to grow in length; protects the bone; assists in fracture repair; helps nourish bone tissue; and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons. |
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Term
| Perforating (Sharpey's) Fiber |
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Definition
| attaches the periosteum to the underlying bone through thick bundles of collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the ECM |
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Definition
| hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults |
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Definition
| a thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity; contains a single layer of cells and a small amount of connective tissue |
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Term
| Extracellular Bone Matrix composition |
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Definition
| 25% water, 25% collagen fibers, and 50% crystallized mineral salts |
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Term
| Most abundant mineral salt |
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Definition
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Definition
| Initiated by bone-building osteoblasts; Deposition of mineral salts, primarily hydroxyapatite, in a framework formed by collagen fibers in which the tissue harden; also called mineralization |
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Definition
| Unspecialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme; Only bone cells to undergo cell division; Resulting cells develop into osteoblasts; found in the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bone that contain blood vessels |
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Definition
| Bone-building cells; Synthesis and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of bone tissue; initiate calcification; Secretions become osteocytes |
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Definition
| Mature bone cells; Main bone cells, maintain daily metabolism such as exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood |
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Definition
| huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cells); concentrated in the endosteum |
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Definition
| the ruffle border (side facing the bone surface) releases lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of the underlying bone matrix; breaks down the extracellular matrix |
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Definition
| break down of extracellular matrix |
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Term
| Percentage of spongy and compact bone |
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Definition
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Definition
| Strongest form of bone tissue and contains few spaces; Found beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of long bones; provides protection and support and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement |
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Term
| Perforating or Volkmann's canals |
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Definition
| a minute passageway by means of which blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum penetrate into compact bone |
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Term
| Central or Haversian canals |
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Definition
| A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of osteon (haversian system) of mature compact bone, containing blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves |
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Definition
| Rings of calcified extracellular matrix much like the rings of a tree trunk |
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Definition
| A small, hollow space, such as that found in bones in which the osteocytes lie |
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Term
| Canaliculus (pl. canaliculi) |
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Definition
| A small channel or canal, as in bones. where they connect lacunae |
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Term
| Osteons or Haversian systems |
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Definition
| The basic unit of structure in adult compact bone, consisting of a central (haversian) canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi |
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Term
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Definition
| areas between osteons; have lacunae with osteocytes and canaliculi; fragements of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth |
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Definition
| Lamellae that encircle the bone just beneath the periosteum or encircle the medullary cavity |
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Definition
| Bone tissue that consists of and irregular latticework of thin plates of bone called trabeculae; space btwn trabeculae of some bones are filled with red bone marrow; found inside short, flat, and irregular bones and in epiphyses of long bones |
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Definition
| Irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue |
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Definition
| hole through the center of the compact bone through which the nutrient artery passes |
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Definition
| process by which bone forms; also called osteogenesis |
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Term
| Intramembranous ossificaation |
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Definition
| Bone forms directly within mesenchyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes |
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Term
| Endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| Bone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme |
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Term
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Definition
| An area in the cartilage model of a future bone where the cartilage cells hypertrophy, secrete enzymes that calcify their extracellular matrix, and die, and the area they occupied is invaded by osteoblasts that lay down bone |
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Definition
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Definition
| Growth at the outer surface |
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Term
| epiphyseal (growth) plate |
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Definition
| a layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of a growing bone that consists of 4 zones: resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage |
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Definition
| ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue |
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Definition
| Removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts |
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Definition
| addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts |
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Term
| Factors that affect bone growth and remolding |
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Definition
| Minerals, Vitamins, Hormones |
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Definition
| Estrogen and androgens such as testosterone |
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Definition
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Definition
| broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin |
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Definition
| break in a bone that does not break the skin |
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Definition
The bone is splintered, crushes, or broken into pieces, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments
Most difficult fracture to treat |
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Definition
| A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children whose bones are not fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material |
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Definition
| One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other |
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Definition
| Fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula) with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation |
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Definition
| A fracture of the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues |
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Term
| Steps of repair of bone fracture |
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Definition
1. Formation of fracture hematoma
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass of blood that forms around the site of the fracture |
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Term
| Fibrocartilaginous callus |
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Definition
| a mass o repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers and cartilage that bridges the broken ends of th bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrocartilage that is converted to spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by parathyroid glands, regulates Ca^2+ exchange
Stimulates formation of calcitrol |
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Term
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Definition
Active form of vitamin D
A hormone that promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood |
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Definition
Located in the thyroid
Decreases the level Ca^2+ by secreting calcitonin |
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Definition
| The loss of calcium and other minerals from bone extracellular matrix |
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Definition
| Secreted by thyroid gland; inhibits bone resorption by osteclasts |
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