Sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism

(burning a fire in each cell).

Metabolism

(use of energy)

Metabolism

(use of energy)

Anabolic

& 

Catabolic

Types of Metabolism: 

(2)

Types of Metabolism: 

Linking molecules together, producing stored energy.

Types of Metabolism: 

Breaking molecules apart, releasing energy.

Ability to promote change.

(the capacity to do work, including changing one molecule into another molecule)

Kinetic

&

Potential

Type of potential energy:

Energy in molecular bonds.

A chemical bond is Potential Energy.

When you break a chemical bond, it's Kinetic Energy.

A chemical bond is ____.

When you break a chemical bond, it's ____.

First Law of Thermodynamics

(Law of conservation of energy)

 Energy (matter) cannot be created or destroyed; Can be changed back & forth.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Disorder (entropy) increases.
• Chemical reactions are not 100% efficient.

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

Transfer or transformation of energy from one form to another increases entropy or degree of disorder of a system.

• Disorder (entropy) ____.
• ____ are not 100% efficient.

Enzymes:

Often ____, but they can be ____.

A spontaneous reaction is not necessarily a ____ reaction.

• Large amounts of heat.
• Using enzymes to lower activation energy.
• Small amount of heat can now push reactants to transition state.

2 common ways to overcome activation energy:

• Large amounts of ____.
• Using enzymes to ____.
• Small amount of heat can now push reactants to ____.

• Straining bonds in reactants to make it easier to achieve transition state
• Positioning reactants together to facilitate bonding
• Changing local environment
• Direct participation through very temporary bonding

Lowering activation energy:

• ____ bonds in reactants to make it easier to achieve transition state
• Positioning reactants together to ____
• Changing ____
• ____ participation through very temporary bonding

Substrate binding:

Interaction also involes conformational changes, which cause that substrates to bind more tightly to the enzyme.

• Most enzymes function maximally in a narrow range of temperature & pH.
• Outside of this narrow range, enzyme function decreases.

• Most enzymes function maximally in a narrow range of ____ & ____.
• Outside of this narrow range, enzyme function ____.

Metabolic Pathways:

Result in breakdown & are exergonic.

Metabolic Pathways:

Promote synthesis & are endergonic.

Must be coupled with exergonic reaction.

Monomer of a carbohydrate.

Comes from the process of photosynthesis: where energy is stored in it's chemical bonds.

Gene

Cellular

Biochemical

One way that cells control chemical ractions.

EX: Turn on or off = turning on & off metabolic pathways.

The hormones cause proteins and other molecules in the cell to become active.

The result may change the cell permanently or temporarily.

Cellular regulation:

The hormones cause proteins and other molecules in the cell to become ____.

The result may change the cell ____.

Redox Reaction

(Oxidation-Reduction)

• A 
• Is the reducing agent
• Has been oxidized
• Electron removed
• B
• Is the oxidizing agent
• Has been reduced 
• Electron added 
• (gains energy, becomes more negative)

Ae^- + B → A + Be^-

(A & B exchange electrons)

• A 
• Is the ____
• Has been ____
• Electron ____
• B
• Is the ____
• Has been ____ 
• Electron ____ 
• (gains ____, becomes more ____)

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

(NAD⁺)

is an example of an?

After NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH...

• It is oxidized to make ATP.
• Can donate electrons during synthesis reactions.

After NAD⁺ is reduced to NADH...

• It is oxidized to make ____.
• Can donate ____ during synthesis reactions.

Electron Carriers:

They become ____, travel, & become ____. Meaning 2 other molecules are ____ an electrons & one is ____ an electron.

Cellular Respiration

&

Fermentation

2 pathways that both include glycolysis:

Glycolysis

Pyruvate Reduction

Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport Chain (respiratory)

Substrate-level phosphorylation

&

Chemiosmosis

2 ways to make ATP:

Enzyme directly transfers phosphate from one molecule to another molecule.

2 ways to make ATP:

Oxygen is not needed.

Chemiosmosis

(oxidative phosphorylation or cellular respiration)

2 ways to make ATP:

Energy stored in an electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP & P_i.

Chemiosmosis

(oxidative phosphorylation or cellular respiration)

2 ways to make ATP:

Oxygen is required.

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen.

Organic molecules + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + Energy

What happens?

1. Glycolysis
2. Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain & chemiosmosis)

1. Energy investment
2. Cleavage
3. Energy liberation

Stage 1: Glycolysis

10 steps in 3 phases=

• Steps 1-3
• 2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose-1,6 bisphosphate

Step 1: Glycolysis

Phase 1= Energy Investment

• Steps ____.
• ____ ATP hydrolyzed to create ____

• Steps 4-5.
• Breaks this 6-carbon molecule into 3 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

Step 1: Glycolysis

Phase 2= Cleavage

• Steps ____
• Breaks this 6-carbon molecule into 3 molecules of ____.

• Steps 6-10.
• Step 6: 2 molecules of NADH are made when 2 molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are oxidized to 2 molecules of 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate.
• Steps 7&10: 4 molecules of ATP are made via substrate-level phosphorylation.

Step 1: Glycolysis

Phase 3= Energy Liberation

• Steps ____.
• Step 6: ____ molecules of NADH are made when 2 molecule of ____ are oxidized to 2 molecules of ____.
• Steps 7&10: ____ molecules of ATP are made via ____.

Glycolysis occurs in where in an eukaryote?

Prokaryote?

Glycolysis:

DAP (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate) is changed by ____. Got carbons from glucose.

Aldolase

&

Isomerase

2 Pyruvate

Gained 2 net usable ATP, made 4 gross.

Stage 1: Glycolysis

 Products of glycolysis.

(how many pyruvate & ATP--gross & net)

• To oxidize a pyruvate, oxygen must be available.
• It is aerobic breakdown of pyruvate (cellular respiration).
• 36-38 ATP
• Occurs in mitochondria of eukaryote.

Stage 1: Glycolysis

Oxidize Pyruvate

• To oxidize a pyruvate, ____ must be available.
• It is ____ breakdown of pyruvate (cellular respiration).
• ____ ATP
• Occurs in ____ of eukaryote.

• Oxygen is not available.
• It's an anaerobic breakdown of glucose.
• Get 2 ATP from glycolysis.

Stage 1: Glycolysis

Fermentation

• ____ is not available.
• It's an ____ breakdown of glucose.
• Get ____ ATP from glycolysis.

Why do we breath? 

(in short)

Step 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group

In eukaryotes, pyruvate is transported to the...

Step 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group

After the pyruvate is transported to the mitochondrial matrix, it is broken down by what?

Step 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group

During the breakdown of a pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase, a molecule of what is removed from each pyruvate?

Step 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group

After a molecule of CO₂ is removed from each pyruvate, what is remaining?

Step 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group

After a molecule of CO₂ is removed from each pyruvate, and acetyl CoA is made, what is made for each pyruvate?

Step 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group

Pyruvate is made in the cytosol by what?

It travels through a channel in the outer membrane &

an H⁺/pyruvate symporter in the inner membrane.

Step 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group

In the cytosol after glycolysis, how does a pyruvate travel to reach the mitochondrial matrix?

Step 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group

By what is the acetyl group transferred to coenzyme A, before it is removed and enters the citric acid cycle?

Step 2: Breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group

 After the acetyl group is transferred to coenzyme A via pyruvate dehydrogenase, what will later happen?

Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle

Particular molecules enter while others leave, involving a series of organic molcules regenerated with each cycle.

Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA.

It is attached to oxaloacetate.

Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle

When entering the CAC, acetyl is removed from what, & attached to what, forming citrate of citric acid?

Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle

After the Acetyl CoA enters the CAC, & acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA, & attached to oxaloacetate, what is formed?

2 CO₂

1 ATP

3 NADH

1 FADH₂

Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle

After citrate or citric acid is formed form oxaloacetate, what is released in the series of steps that follow?

Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle

After citrate or citric acid is formed form oxaloacetate, & 2 CO_2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, &1 FADH₂ are released in the series of steps that follow, what happens?

3 NADH

1 FADH₂

1 GTP

2 CO₂

Step 3: Citric Acid Cycle

One turn of the cycle produces what?

NADH

&

FADH₂

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

High energy electrons are removes from what molecules to make ATP?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

It typically requires what?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Oxidative process involves what?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation occurs by...

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Group of protein complexes & small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane. 

In a linear manner, 

in a series of redox reactions.

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain=

Can accept & donate electrons how?

(what manner & what type of reactions)

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain=

Movement of what generates H⁺ electrochemical gradient/proton-motive force?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain=

Movement of electrons generates H⁺ electrochemical gradient, also know as a proton-motive force which is?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain=

Also called respiratory chain b/c....

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain=

What are the reduced molecule in this stage?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain=

Electron transport chain occurs why?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

Electron transport chain=

Where does this occur in a eukaryote?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

What molecular machine occurs?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

ATP synthase creates ATP by what?

Step 4: Oxydative Phosphorylation

The process of protons moving down through ATP synthase.

Used to pump H⁺ across inner mitochondrial membrane 

&

create H⁺ electrochemical gradient.

H⁺ electrochemical gradient or proton motive force,

converted to chemical bond energy in ATP.

carbohydrates

proteins

fats

• Use substances other than O₂ as final electron acceptor in electron transport chain.
• If confined to using O₂, carry out glycolysis only.

Anaerobic Metabolism:

2 strategies=

• Use substances other than O₂ as ____ in electron transport chain.
• If confined to using O₂, ____.

• Pyruvate converted to lactate or lactic acid in muscles or ethanol in yeast.
• Fermentation, which produces far less ATP.

Anaerobic Metabolism:

If confined to using O₂ as a final electron acceptor, carry out glycolysis only.

2 ways:

• ____ converted to lactate or lactic acid in muscles or ethanol in yeast.
• ____, which produces far less ATP.

Eukaryote= Cytosol

Prokaryote= Cytoplasm

Where does fermentation occur in an eukaryote?

Prokaryote? 

1. Defense
2. Attraction
3. Protection
4. Competition

1. Phenolics
2. Alkaloids
3. Terpenoids
4. Polyketides

Categories of Secondary Metabolism:

Antioxidants with intense flavors & smells.

Categories of Secondary Metabolism:

Bitter-tasting molecules for defense.

Categories of Secondary Metabolism:

Intense smells & colors.

Categories of Secondary Metabolism:

Chemical Weapons.