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| Major motivations for European exploration of the world's oceans included |
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| -the search for raw materials and mineral resources. -the search for new lands to settle and cultivate. -the desire to trade directly with Asian markets. -the urge to extend Christianity beyond Europe. |
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| Portuguese sailors were able to tack against the prevailing winds by using |
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| a combination of square and lateen sails. |
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| European and Arab mariners in the fifteenth century determined latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or pole star above the horizon with |
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| an astrolabe or cross staff. |
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| By the mid-fifteenth century Portuguese mariners used a strategy called the volta do mar that |
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| enabled them to sail with westerly winds rather than force their way against trade winds. |
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| The sea route to the Indian Ocean discovered by Vasca da Gama offered European merchants |
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| a chance to buy goods directly from Indian merchants. |
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| Christopher Columbus believed that by sailing west 2,500 nautical miles he would |
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| find a direct and profitable route to Japan. |
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By 1800 European exploration of the Pacific Ocean resulted in all of the following |
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-the first complete circumnavigation of the world. -mapping of Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the South Pacific. -exploration of the coast of Alaska and the waters of the Arctic Ocean. -European colonization of the Philippines. |
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| Portuguese mariners succeeded in building a trading-post empire early in the sixteenth century for all of the following reasons |
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-the ruthless policies of naval commander Afonso d’Alboquerque. -the head start that Portugual enjoyed over other European powers in the exploration of the Indian Ocean. -the use of heavy artillery to overpower other craft and onshore sights. -the Portuguese control of strategic ports such as Hormuz and Melaka. |
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| The English East India Company and the VOC were privately owned companies that enjoyed all of the following advantages |
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-funds to outfit ships and hire crews. -commodities and money for trade. the potential for tremendous profits. -heavily armed ships to back up their demands. |
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| Spanish forces were able to conquer the Philippines because of |
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| the lack of a centralized, powerful state to organize resistance. |
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| The Dutch in Indonesia concentrated their efforts on |
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| dominating the spice trade through the Sundra Strait. |
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| significant presence in the Indian Ocean by the mid-eighteenth century? (4) |
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-Britain. -France. -the Netherlands. -Portugal. |
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| As a result of the Seven Years' War, Britain gained all the following |
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-the French colonies in Canada. -the French trading posts in India. -Spanish Florida. |
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| In spite of the isolation and harsh climate, Russians ventured over the Urals into Siberia in search of |
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| In the New World, the Columbian Exchange generally resulted in |
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-the introduction of infectious diseases. -the staggering loss of indigenous populations. -the introduction of domesticated animals such as cattle and horses. -the introduction of food crops such as wheat. |
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| Smallpox, influenza, and measles spread rapidly in the Americas because of |
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| lack of previous exposure that would build natural immunity. |
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| In Eurasia, new American food crops translated into |
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-overall improvements in diet and nutrition. -steady population growth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. -more varied cuisine. -better forage for livestock. |
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| By 1750, all of the following regions were linked by trade and commerce |
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-Brazil. -India. -Indonesia. -South Africa. |
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| The Moluccas, also known as the Spice Islands, were occupied first by the Portuguese and then by the |
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| Vietnamese emperors ruled according to |
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| the teachings of Confucius. |
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| The discovery of the Americas led to a dramatic increase in the slave trade, reaching __________ by the eighteenth century. |
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| British East India Company... Stock is held by stock holders which can trade their stocks independently. |
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| a company that has control of a good... Hot Wheels has a monopoly over toy cars |
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| The difference in value between the total exports and total imports of a nation |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| Portugese Prince, who, in 1420 sponsored a European exploration |
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| 1488- went around the Cape of Good Hope |
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| 1492 sailed the ocean blue and landed in Cuba. Wanted to prove the world was round... Queen Isabella gave financial support. |
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| French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. |
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| a Venetian seaman explored New England for England |
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| Florentine that named America because he realized that it was a different continent. |
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| Austrian Empress, wanted a centralized Austria |
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| Portugese explorer, financed from Spain, found a Strait in South America (Strait of Magellan) |
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| Spanish conqurer, ensure natives were Catholics |
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| Aztec Ruler who offered gold to foreigners when they arrived |
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| Ruling Family of England: |
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| The ruling family of Austria |
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