Term
| What is the definition of a norm? |
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Definition
| average calculated from many individuals |
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Term
| What is the average weight of an infant, 1 year old, and 2 year old? |
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Definition
infant: 7.5 lbs
1: 22.5 lbs or triple birth weight
2: 30 lbs |
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Term
| How many hours a day does a baby sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| What affects the sleep pattern of babies? |
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Definition
| brain maturation, birth order, social environment, being well fed/full term |
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Term
| Experience-expectant/Experience-dependent/Sensitive period |
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Definition
EE: brain functions that require certain basic common experiences ( which an infant can be expected to have) in order to develop normally
ED: Brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant.
SP: Times when particular kinds of development are primed to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections. |
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Term
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Definition
S:sense organs transduce stimulation from the environment; stimulation of sense organs
P: we select, organize & interpret information from our senses. |
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Term
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Definition
| An involuntary response to a particular stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cell of the CNS that processes and transmits info |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of brain that deals with thinking, feeling, sensing |
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Term
| Which sense is the least mature at birth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image. Absent at birth |
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Term
| What are gross motor skills? Examples |
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Definition
Deliberate actions coordinating many parts of the body, producing large movements
crawling walking |
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Term
| What are fine motor skills? Examples? |
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Definition
Small body movements, especially w/ hands & fingers
grasping pincer |
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Term
| What is the purpose of immunization? |
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Definition
| It primes the body’s immune system to defend against a specific contagious disease |
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Term
| Why is breast-feeding beneficial? |
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Definition
| the mother’s milk helps prevent almost every infant illness and allergy by providing antibodies. It reduces the risk of breast cancer for the mother and increases the mother-child bond. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| List the 4 cognitive processes |
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Definition
language
learning
memory
intelligence |
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Term
| During Piaget's first stage, how do infants learn? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it. |
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Term
| INformation processing theory and what does it emphasize? What does it compare? |
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Definition
suggests children develop at a gradually increasing capacity for processing information.
It emphasizes how children manipulate information, monitor it, & strategize about it.
It compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data. |
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Term
| Language, phonemes, infant-directed speech |
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Definition
Language is a form of communication, spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols.
Phonemes are sounds that are the building blocks of language.
Infant-directed speech may help children learn language. |
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Term
| Name and briefly describe 2 major language development theories. |
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Definition
Theory 1: Infants need to be taught: The core ideas of this theory define parents as expert teachers, although other caregivers can help, frequent repetition is instructive, especially when linked to daily life, and well-taught infants become well-spoken children.
Theory 2: Social impulses foster infant language: Contrary theory is language learning is innate and adults need not teach it. Norm Chomsky felt that language is too complex to be mastered merely through conditioning. |
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Term
| Phonology, morphemes, syntax, semantics, pragmatics |
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Definition
language sounds
strings of sounds that make up words
words combined into phrases/sentences
word meanings/usage
word use in conversation |
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Term
| What are the steps in language development between 2 months and a child’s 1st birthday? |
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Definition
2 months: cooing (vowel like sounds)
6 months: babbling (speech like sound with no meaning)
8-11 months: babbling includes intonation (rising or falling pitch)
first words appear around the first birthday |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasize contribution of both biology & experience in language development |
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Term
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Definition
| universal & consist of subjective feeling, physiological change, & overt behavior. |
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Term
| Define stranger wariness and separation anxiety. At what age does each develop? |
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Definition
Stranger wariness appears around 6-9 months and infants become wary of the presence of an unfamiliar adult.
Separation anxiety is an infant’s distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 & 14 months and intensifies by age 2. |
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Term
| What is the difference between self-awareness and self-conscious emotions? Which one develops first? |
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Definition
Self-awareness” One’s realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.
Self-conscious: (Complex) emotions such as pride, guilt, and embarrassment appear later. It also involves feelings of success when one’s standards or expectations are met & failure when they aren’t.
self awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral styles that are fairly stable across situations & are biologically based |
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Term
| Name and briefly describe the 3 main types of temperament. |
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Definition
Proximal parenting: caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching.
Distal parenting: Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enduring social-emotional relationships; relies upon infant’s growing perceptual and cognitive skills |
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Term
| Define and briefly describe the 4 types of attachment. |
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Definition
Secure: baby may cry when mom leaves, but wants to be held by mom on her return.
Avoidant: baby is visibly upset when mom leaves & when she returns, baby ignores her.
Resistant: baby is upset when mom leaves & remains upset & angry when she returns.
Disorganizes/disoriented: baby confused when mom leaves & when she returns, doesn’t seem to understand what is happening. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of attachment adults have to their parents? Describe each. |
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Definition
Secure: describe childhood experiences objectively & value the impact of their parent-child relationship on development.
Dismissive: deny the value of childhood experiences & sometimes are unable to recall experiences but often idealize their parents.
Preoccupied: describe childhood experiences emotionally & often express anger or confusion regarding parents. |
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Term
| List & describe the 2 main types of infant day care |
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Definition
Family: occurs in another caregiver’s home
Center: Place especially designed for that purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| in unfamiliar or ambiguous environment, infants look to parents for cues to interpret situation |
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Term
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Definition
| culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting |
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Term
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Definition
| similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction b/w an individual and their social context |
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Term
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Definition
| interested in how human infants form strong and enduring ties to their mothers |
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