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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stored energy, available to do work |
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Definition
| energy being used to do work |
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Definition
| amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C |
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Definition
| amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a kilogram by 1 C |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of energy transformation |
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Term
| 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Energy cannot be created or destroyed, and energy transformation is inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as heat |
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Term
| What are the two most important energy transformations? |
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Definition
| Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| the biochemical reactions of a cell, both building and breaking down molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the product of one reaction becomes the starting point of another reaction |
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Term
| What are the two categories of metabollic reactions? |
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Definition
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Definition
| requires an input of energy to proceed, products contain more energy from reactants, builds complex molecules from simpler components |
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Definition
| releases energy, products contain less energy than the reactants, break large molecules into small ones |
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Definition
| reaction goes in both directions at the same time |
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Term
| Oxidation-reduction reactions |
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Definition
| transfer energized electrons from one molecule into another |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion |
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Term
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Definition
| gain of electrons, requires an input of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate - covalent bonds that temporarily store much of the released energy of life, intermediate molecule, 3 phosphate groups |
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Term
| How is energy released from atp? |
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Definition
| Energy is released by breaking away a phosphate molecule, and stored by addingone one |
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Term
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Definition
| Simultaneous reactions in which one provides the energy that drives another |
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Term
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Definition
| when a cell uses atp as an energy souce by transfering its phosphate group to another molecule - energizes the target molecule, and changes shape of phosphate molecule |
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Term
| What are some functions of Enzymes? |
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Definition
| speeding chemical reactions, copydyn, build proteins, digest food, recycle cells |
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| What lowers the amount of energy required in a reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non-protein helpers that must be present for an enzyme to speed a reaction |
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Term
| What is negative feedback and what are the two ways in which it works? |
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Definition
| it is an excess of a reactions product, and it inhibits the enzyme that controls its formulation, it works via noncompetitive and competitive inhibition |
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Term
| Noncompetitive Inhibition |
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Definition
| prevents binding by attaching to enzymes at an area other than the active site, altering its shape so that it can no longer bind |
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Term
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Definition
| product of a reaction binds directly to an active site, preventing bonding |
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Term
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Definition
| product activates a pathway that leads to its own production |
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Definition
| solute is more concentrated in one region than in a neighboring region, dissipates unless energy is expended to maintain it |
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Term
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Definition
| substance moves across a membrane without the direct expenditure of cellular energy |
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Term
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Definition
| No proteins required, form of passive transport in which a solute moves down its concentration gradient with the use of a carrier molecule, freely crosses a cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| simple diffusion of water across a biological membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma's solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell |
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Definition
| concentration of solutes is lower than in the inside of the cell - pushes water back out |
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Definition
| surroundings have a higher concentration of solutes that the cells cytoplasm - keeps water |
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Definition
| form of passive transport in which a membrane protein assists the movement of a polar solute along its concentration gradient, does not require energy expenditure |
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Term
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Definition
| cell uses a transport protein to move a solute against its concentration gradient from where it is less concentrated to where it is more concentrated |
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Term
| What three processes work to transport small substances? |
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Definition
| simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport |
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Term
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Definition
| allows a cell to engulf fluids and large molecules and bring them into the cell - brings molecules in |
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Term
| What are the two types of endocytosis? |
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Definition
| Pinocytosis (most endocytosis cells, brings in small amounts of fluids and dissolved substances) and Phagocytosis (engulfs large particles) |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite of endocytosis, uses vesicles to transport fluids and large particles out of cells - takes particles OUT of cells, builds up in golgi apparatus, vesicle joins with it, expels them |
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