Term
| Why does Aristotle say that happiness is not honor? |
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Definition
| Honor is given by others and can be taken by others. |
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Term
| Why does Aristotle say that happiness is not wealth? |
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Definition
| Wealth is only a means to something else. |
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Term
| Why does Aristotle say that happiness is not virtue? |
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Definition
| A virtuous person often lives with great suffering and suffering is not virtue. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between happiness and virtue? |
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Definition
| Happiness is an activity of the soul, virtue is a characteristic of the soul. Happiness is an activity in accordance with the soul. |
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Term
| How does Aristotle describe the "moral" virtues? |
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Definition
| Courage, generosity,modesty, temporance |
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Term
| Explain what Aristotle means by the five "intellectual" virtues. |
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Definition
| Science, art, prudence, intuitive reason and contemplation. The rational aspect of soul. |
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Term
| Contrast Aristotle's view of virtue with the view expressed by Socrates that "virtue is knowledge". Do you find any point of agreement between Plato and Aristotle? |
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Definition
| Both agree that virtue is knowledge, disagree about how it) a acquired. |
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Term
| What is happiness, according to Aristotle? In other words, what is the one activity that will make your life completely desirable and lacking in nothing? Explain what Aristotle means and why he holds this view. |
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Definition
Happiness is contemplation. Only when we are attempting to be one with the one, through meditation can a human be he
Happy |
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Term
| Why does Aristotle say that happiness is not pleasure? |
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Definition
| Pleasure is the highest good for animals, not humans |
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Term
| How does Aristotle solve the problem of the one and the many? |
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Definition
| In every change, one thing remains the same. The world of becoming consists of many things. There is one perfect being that is the source of all things THE UNMOVED MOVANT |
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Term
What is the cause of causes? Explain why it is the cause of causes.
X d |
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Definition
| The final cause the unmoved moving, has no matter,therefore no potentiality and is fully actualized. Everything wants to be fully actualized. |
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Term
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Definition
Matter is the principle of potentiality; form is the principle
of actuality. |
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Term
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Definition
In the case of the Unmoved Movant, we have the only instance of
form without matter. |
|
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Term
| the 5 intellectual virtues |
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Definition
| science,art, prudence,contemplation,intuitive reason |
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Term
| The Greeks invented philosophy and physics, drama and the theater, democracy and trial by jury, logic, the university, and atomic theory. What were the factors that enabled them to accomplish so much? |
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Definition
| Because of geography, the Greeks became sailors which opened the world to them. The individual polis produced individual a pity in art and thinking. |
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Term
| What are the major differences between Greek philosophy and Hellenistic philosophy? |
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Definition
| philosophies and religions in Classical and Hellenistic Greece differed in the reasoning of how pleasure in life could be gained. |
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Term
| The Greek city-state ceased to be an important political unit with the rise of international super states like Macedonia and Rome who conquered other countries to create their empires. How did this change affect the development of moral philosophy |
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Definition
| Philosophy became interested in what makes a human being happy. |
|
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Term
| Describe the difference between our modern view of morality and the view of ethics shared by the ancient Greeks |
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Definition
| For modern man morals are about doing the right thing. Ancient Greeks believed morals were what makes a person happy. |
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Term
| Aristippus and Epicurus are both hedonists. How do their views differ? |
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Definition
Aristippus said sensual pleasure was th first principle. Eppicuras believed it to be peace of mind.
Arristipus believed sensual pleasure. Epicurus said it was peace of mind. |
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Term
| Many newspapers have a column that reviews local restaurants. Sometimes when the reviewer really likes the food, he may refer to it as an Epicurean delight. Is this fair to Epicurus? Why? |
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Definition
| It really not fair at all because that is a type of sensual pleasure. Food doesn't bring peace of mind. |
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Term
| In what two important ways does Epicurus think that science can contribute to our peace of mind? |
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Definition
| By relieving our fear of the gods and our fear of death through the study of science. |
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Term
| Name the four greatest schools of Athens |
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Definition
| Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum, Epicurus's Garden and Zeno's Painted Porch |
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Term
| What is the difference between hedonism and Stoicism? |
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Definition
| Hedonism maintained the search and belief in human happiness. Stoics practiced detachment. |
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Term
| What are the basic principles of Stoicism? |
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Definition
| Indifference to what happens acceptance your life as is do not fear death because nothing feels nothing. |
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Term
| According to Epictetus, what is within our power to change? What is beyond our power? |
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Definition
| Opinion and desire we can change. Office property reputation, sickness and death we cannot change. |
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Term
| According to Dr. Albert Ellis, what is the only way we can change our feelings and emotions? |
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Definition
| change our “inner dialogue” we have and change our way of thinking |
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Term
| What social and political conditions are likely to produce stoicism? |
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Definition
| In a society where individuals feel that they no longer have control over political elections or say so against the massive governmental system |
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Term
| How would hedonists argue against stoics? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is happiness, according to Aristotle? In other words, what is the one activity that will make your life completely desirable and lacking in nothing? Explain what Aristotle means and why he holds this view. |
|
Definition
| Contemplation on the problem of the one and many or communion with the one |
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Term
| The Eleatics reject the notion of change; Aristotle does not. Nevertheless, he agrees with the Eleatics when they say it is impossible to get something from nothing. What is Aristotle's great discovery that allows him to account for change? |
|
Definition
| potentiality wants to be actualized |
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|
Term
| What does Aristotle mean by "motion"? |
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Definition
| The process of the becoming in the process of going out of becoming |
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Term
| In a dialogue with Meno's slave boy, Socrates asks the boy to solve a geometric problem; the boy had never been to school and knew nothing about geometry. Nevertheless, by asking him certain questions, Socrates was able to evoke the correct answer from the boy. Socrates uses this incident as an example of his contention that learning is recollection. Would you agree or disagree with Socrates on this point? Why? |
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Definition
| no boy did not learn anything. |
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Term
| Do you think Socrates would hold that we can "recollect" the events of history or how to operate a computer? Explain. |
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Definition
| Sure if asked right questions |
|
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Term
| What is the relationship between dialectic and recollection? |
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Definition
| dialect means to question answer and question answer until the student has recollection which means to remember |
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Term
| If one were to open a school dedicated to Socrates' theory of recollection, what would the educational process be like? |
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Definition
| it would be like question and answers questions and |
|
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Term
| What would be the benefits of such an education? Would there be any disadvantages to such an education? |
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Definition
| well you wouldn't have to study ever and a disadvantage would be you still wouldn't know anything |
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Term
| Who did the oracle of Delphi proclaim the wisest of all? How did Socrates interpret the oracle? |
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Definition
| the oracle who claimed socrates to be the wisest of law. He interpreted it as he was aware. Of his own ignorance he was wose |
|
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Term
| What does Thrasymachus mean when he says, "Justice is the interest of the stronger"? |
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Definition
| the laws are made by those the strongest for the strongest whoever is stronger gets to make the rule |
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Term
| What question does Glaucon (Plato's older brother) ask Socrates (a question that will become the theme of Plato's Republic)? |
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Definition
| is justice worth doing if only the reward is doing justice itself |
|
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Term
| Describe the parallel that Socrates draws between the state and the soul. |
|
Definition
| .since the state is created by the human soul it reflects the human soul.. |
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Term
| How does Socrates define justice in the state and how does he define it in the soul? |
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Definition
| For both justice is defined as virtue of wisdom, virtue of courage and virtue oftemperance |
|
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Term
| Describe Plato's two-world theory. |
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Definition
| The world of appearance and the world of reality. |
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Term
| Describe Plato's theory of Forms. |
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Definition
| a form cannot be perceived by he senses only the pond and they are first principles, no mixed with other matter |
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Term
| What analogy does Plato draw between the sun and the Form of the Good? |
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Definition
| The sun brings life into existence the good brings all forms into existance |
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Term
| In the allegory of the cave, who does the freed prisoner generally represent? Who does the freed prisoner specifically represent? |
|
Definition
| The freed prisoner represents any of us. Specifically it represents Plato. Hi |
|
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Term
| How does the soul of the gods order the universe? What practical lesson does Plato hope we will apply to our own lives? |
|
Definition
| man should live in harmony with the news for the order of the gods |
|
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Term
| What is Plato's solution to the problem of the one and the many? |
|
Definition
| A plurist, one but omen into many |
|
|
Term
| How does Plato solve the problem of relativism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first principle of nature according to Plato? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| man is the measure of of all things |
|
Definition
| what is true for you is true for you what is true for me 2 for me |
|
|
Term
| socrates mean when he calls himself in midwife |
|
Definition
| that he hopes give birth to the tree dialect questions |
|
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Term
| was it's correct to portray socrates as a sophist? |
|
Definition
| he believed ignorance valuable socrates never charged or asked payment from his student |
|
|
Term
| what is the and connotation of the word sophist |
|
Definition
| it means why now but has come to be known as an insult meaning 1 you have a little knowledge but think you know everything |
|
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Term
| why does socrates believe that virtue is knowledge |
|
Definition
| Man isn't evil he is just ignorant |
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Term
| Sometimes reason, independently of revelation, is able to grasp certain truths of faith. Augustine thought that the three hypostases of Plotinus was a primitive insight into one of the most fundamental Christian doctrines. Explain |
|
Definition
| sometimes reason can arrive at the same truth as revelationsince reason and revelation come from the same source it is possible. the one mind and soul is a primitive equivalent of the Father Son and Holy Ghost. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Augustine's epistemology. |
|
Definition
| knowledge is the result of divine illumination individual consciousness with the light of eternal truth moral conscience for example is a reflection of the divine law in our own soul |
|
|
Term
| What did Augustine mean when he said, "I believe in order that I may understand"? |
|
Definition
| Faith takes presidency over reason.certain truths of faith cannot be grasped my reason must rely on revelation to give us knowledge |
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Term
| Why do some people think that God's omniscience is incompatible with human free will? What was the teaching of Pelagius? Why was his teaching condemned as heretical? |
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Definition
| if God knows everything past present and future must conform to what God already knows then it appears our future does not hold divers options for us. Plagius insisted that man can much when he sets his mind to it which goes against being completely dependent on God he was a heretic |
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Term
| How did Augustine use the philosophy of Plotinus to solve the problem of evil? |
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Definition
| evil is the lack of something that should be theresince it is a contradiction to say that god created nothingness, God cannot be responsible for evil. |
|
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Term
| What were the two major Christian viewpoints during the Middle Ages? What is the difference between them? |
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Definition
| Scholasticism said that their is no conflict between faith and reasoned. and mysticism claimed that Christianity eludes human understanding |
|
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Term
| How does Anselm's ontological argument prove that God exists? |
|
Definition
| he said that God is the most perfect being or that greater than which nothing can be conceived that greater than which nothing can be conceived must exist not only in the mind but in reality if it were to exist only in the mind then we could conceive of a still more perfect being one that exists in reality as this argument begins with God essence and ends with his existence |
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Term
| As the Middle Ages progressed, what historical factors contributed toward the creation of a new Christian philosophy? |
|
Definition
| Pope Gregory for bade the Holy Roman Emperor Henry the fourth to appoint bishops within his realm the Pope argue that it encourage bishops to give their primary allegiance to the King rather than to the church King Henry continued the practice Pope Gregory excommunicated him and relieve his subjects from their oath of allegiance.since Henry's nobles demanded that he obtained the Pope's forgiveness the Emperor traveled to where the Pope was staying before parting him Gregory kept the Holy Roman Emperor waiting for 3 days in sackcloth and barefoot in the snow |
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|
Term
| Why does Aquinas reject Anselm's ontological argument? |
|
Definition
| Aquinas believes it is impossible for us to know the essence of God therefore he rejects the ontological argument |
|
|
Term
| How does Aquinas prove the existence of God? |
|
Definition
| with 5 demonstrations the first is called the argument from motion I'll go potentiality Israel it is not actual so something in potentiality cannot put itself into actuality it requires a cause that is already actually since there cannot be an infinite regress of intermediate causes there must be a first cause that is pure actuality or unlimited existence the other for demonstrations are similar they include the argument from a fishing causality the argument from possibility and assessing the argument from grades of goodness and think I'm your demand from the governments of the world all of them maintain that finite reality is received reality in other words every fine not being participate in the existence of God |
|
|
Term
| What does Aquinas mean by motion? |
|
Definition
| he means a real change from potentiality to actuality all the potentiality Israel it is not actual so something in potentiality cannot put itself into actuality it requires a cause that is already actual since there cannot be an infinite regress of indeterminate causes there must be a first cause that is pure actuality unlimited existence |
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Term
| The philosophy of Aquinas is basically Aristotelian. Nevertheless, how does the view of Aquinas differ from Aristotle's view? |
|
Definition
| for Aristotle the highest being is the move move on for a Cena the highest being is beyond form or absence unlimited by essence God is existence God is not a being he is being itself well everything else has existence God is existence |
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Term
| How would Aquinas' definition of law relate to acts of civil disobedience, revolution, and overthrowing the government? |
|
Definition
| la has four parts number one an ordinance of reason number two for the common good number 3 promo dated number four by him who has care of the community in law must be rational llamas benefit the whole community rather than just a small minority of the rich and powerful Islamic be published so that citizens became become aware of it diligent law making authority for example the king ordered the legislative body must make the WA if an ordinance lacks any of the qualities then it is not a lot at all. if a lot is made to benefit some special interest then it does not have the legitimacy of law it is an act of tyranny and the appropriate response to tyranny is rebellionif civil authority is oblivious to the common good and nearly services special interest in it can have no claim to be illegal government overthrowing an illegal civil authority is not revolution |
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|
Term
| Why were the works of Aquinas condemned by the Church? |
|
Definition
| the condemnation of 1277. Some of his works went against the teachings of Christianity.aristotle believed in the immortality of the human soul, Aristotle d believed in the eternialitye of this world counter to the Christian doctrine of creationAristotle believe in beyond Moved move on was very different from a loving God the Christians wanted to portray |
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Term
| What historical events helped to bring the Middle Ages to an end and create a new era that would be known as the Renaissance? |
|
Definition
| the sack of Constantinoplewhich greatly weakened the Byzantine Empirethe center of trade moved westward to Italy Babylonian captivity of church is the error when popes considered and came under the influence of the French King it decreased the influence of the church the third was the Black Plague or Black Death which killed so many people it created a scarcity of heat labor force the Mystics eventually won the debate between scholasticism and mysticism reaction against their victory gave birth to a scientific spirit of the Renaissance get rejected a sortie in favor of observation and experimentation |
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|
Term
| How does the view of Descartes differ from the medieval viewpoint? |
|
Definition
| Descartes believes reason comes before faith.. |
|
|
Term
| What new beginning does Descartes establish for philosophy? |
|
Definition
| First philosopher to look at h human consciousness. I think therefore I am |
|
|
Term
| How does Descartes' beginning point differ from that of the first Greek philosophers? |
|
Definition
| He is studying the human consciousness Greek philosophers were studying nature or things outside of |
|
|
Term
| Why was Descartes' era so full of doubt and skepticism? |
|
Definition
| The Protestant Reformation and the series of our earth circling the Sun were both new ideas that were unsettling to the traditional views |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The only path to knowledge is reason |
|
|
Term
| Compare Descartes' epistemological view with that of Plato. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contrast Descartes' epistemological view with that of Aristotle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What goal did Descartes set out to achieve for his philosophy? What method did he propose to use in order to achieve that goal? |
|
Definition
| Absolute certain nth is what he wanted to prove one thing that was without doubt |
|
|
Term
| Is Descartes' method successful? Explain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Descartes thinks that everything has a sufficient cause. What must be true of the cause of every idea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would result if Descartes were to discover an idea that he could not have caused? Does Descartes discover an idea that he could not have caused? What does he conclude from this? |
|
Definition
| He believed that the idea of god did no come from him therefore it had to come from something greater than him so it came from god. Therefore, God exists |
|
|
Term
| Compare Descartes' proof for the existence of God with that of Anselm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contrast Descartes' proof for the existence of God with that of Aquinas. |
|
Definition
| Descartes proof was based on reason, Aquinas prof was based on faith |
|
|
Term
| How does Descartes prove the existence of the material world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mind-body problem? How does Descartes solve the mind-body problem? |
|
Definition
| How do the mind and body interact with one another. Descartes believed that the main and and body interact through the pineal gland. |
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Term
| Descartes is often accused of solipsism, the view that we can know only the content of our own minds. Do you agree with this accusation? Explain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Spinoza describe Substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Spinoza describe Substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between natura naturans and natura naturata? Use this distinction to explain why Spinoza is not guilty of the heresy that had him expelled from the Jewish community |
|
Definition
| Active creative process (God perhaps?) And the other is the product of the creative process.(humans w soul?) |
|
|
Term
| How does Spinoza solve the mind-body problem? |
|
Definition
| Mind and body are different ways of looking at the same thing. |
|
|
Term
| Explain how something can be free and yet have no free choice. When are humans free? |
|
Definition
| An act is free when it is not influenced by an outside force. Humans are free when understanding nature. When we understand we are self determined we no longer struggle we have peace of mind. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of a monad? |
|
Definition
| Self determine Ned and free from any outside influence |
|
|
Term
| How does Leibniz solve the mind-body problem? |
|
Definition
| Theory of pre established Harmony |
|
|
Term
| How does Leibniz solve the mind-body problem? |
|
Definition
| Theory of pre established Harmony |
|
|
Term
| Describe the difference between rationalism and empiricism. |
|
Definition
| Rationalists believe in reason, empiricism is based on experience |
|
|
Term
| How does Locke argue against Socrates' contention that Meno's slave boy had innate knowledge? |
|
Definition
| If there were such a thing ads innate knowledge, Socrates wouldn't need to ask the boy questions because the boy would already know |
|
|
Term
| How does Locke argue against Socrates' contention that Meno's slave boy had innate knowledge? |
|
Definition
| If there were such a thing ads innate knowledge, Socrates wouldn't need to ask the boy questions because the boy would already know |
|
|
Term
| How does Locke argue against innate moral principles? |
|
Definition
| We would not have to argue about them and we would not have to teach them to children. |
|
|
Term
| How do humans acquire knowledge according to Locke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a simple and a complex idea? Give an example of each. |
|
Definition
| Simple idea is one of uniform appearance or conception in the human mind. Is, the shape of a circle. Complex |
|
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Term
| How do we know material objects according to Locke |
|
Definition
| We perceive ideas, we infer knowledge. |
|
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Term
| According to Locke, what are the three types of knowledge? Describe each of them. What degree of certainty would accompany each type of knowledge? |
|
Definition
| Intuitive knowledge,(clear and certain) demonstrative knowledge, (clear and certain) and sensitive knowledge.(probable) |
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Term
| Describe Locke's proof for the existence of God. |
|
Definition
| Through demonstrative knowledge, which is clear and certain. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the epistemological views of Descartes and Locke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what ways are the philosophical views of Descartes and Locke similar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Berkeley's objections to Locke's philosophy? What implication does Berkeley's criticisms have on Locke's conception of primary and secondary qualities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Berkeley's objections to Locke's philosophy? What implication does Berkeley's criticisms have on Locke's conception of primary and secondary qualities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Berkeley mean when he says esse est percipe? Why do "material objects" not cease to exist when we are not perceivi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the perceptions of the mind according to Hume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test does Hume urge us to employ should we come across a philosophical idea that we suspect is without any meaning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when Hume employs his test on the idea of the self? What does he conclude form this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the two types of human knowledge according to Hume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of our belief in cause and effect, according to Hume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what fallacy is all our reasoning concerning cause and effect subject? Explain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Hume's criticism of Locke's proof for the existence of God? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Hume's criticism of Locke's proof for the existence of God? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Would Hume say our understanding of causality is objective or psychological? Explain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Would Hume say our understanding of causality is objective or psychological? Explain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compare science and metaphysics. Contrast science and metaphysics. |
|
Definition
| Both science and metaphysics give us factual knowledge about the world. Science tells us how things appear, metaphysics tells us how things really are. |
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Term
| What is Hume's view of metaphysics? Why does he hold this view? |
|
Definition
| He thinks metaphysics is fantasy |
|
|
Term
| What is Hume's view of metaphysics? Why does he hold this view? |
|
Definition
| Hume insists that knowledge of matters of fact requires experience of constant conjunction associated with imagination. |
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Term
| What aspect of Hume's philosophy disturbed Kant? Why did this disturb him? |
|
Definition
| It bothered him that Hume attempted to discredit metaphysics in order to promote science. Because it also would completely undermine science. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a priori and a posteriori knowledge? |
|
Definition
Priori is acquired before experience due to reason or insight based on the principle of contradiction which is universal and necessary.
Posterior knowledge after experience/empirical/biology or experimental physics |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between analytical and synthetical statements? |
|
Definition
| Analytical statement can be try or false determined by the meaning Of the words in the sentence + the predicate is contained in the subject. A=A SYNTHETIC SENTENces A=B |
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Term
| What objection did the German idealists have against Kant's conception of the thing in itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between analytical and synthetical statements? |
|
Definition
| In an analytical sentence you can determine truth or vaidity based on the meaning of the words also the subject is contained in the predicate |
|
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Term
| When Hegel speaks of the "poverty of the understanding", how does he intend his philosophy to differ from Kant's? |
|
Definition
| Kant focused on /Hegel will focus on reason |
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|
Term
| What objection did the German idealists have against Kant's conception of the thing in itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Hegel speaks of the "poverty of the understanding", how does he intend his philosophy to differ from Kant's? |
|
Definition
| Kant focused) n reason/Hegel will focus on reason |
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Term
|
Definition
| Conditions of sensory experience |
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|
