Term
| What is the purpose of lactase in our bodies? |
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Definition
| Lactase helps the digestive system break down lactose |
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Term
| Why do people of Northern European descent have a lower incidence of lactose intolerance? |
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Definition
| Because of genetic mutation-Europeans consumed larger amounts of dairy products |
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Term
| Carbon-based molecules are called ______________ compounds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does a carbon atom have a great ability to form large diverse molecules? |
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Definition
| It has four electrons in its outer shell, so it can branch in four directions |
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Term
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Definition
| Compounds with the same formula but different structures |
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Term
| Which of the functional groups do not contain carbon? Which are not polar molecules? |
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Definition
| Hydroxyl, amino, and phosphate groups |
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Term
| What does “hydrophilic” mean and why is it important for functional groups to have this characteristic in living things? |
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Definition
| "Water loving." It's important since they are near water (in our bodies) |
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Term
| Name the four main classes of macromolecules in living things |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
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Term
| Distinguish between polymers and monomers. |
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Definition
-a single molecule
-the single molecules join together (by dehydration reaction) to form polymers |
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Term
| What is a dehydration reaction? |
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Definition
| When monomers are near, the hydroxyl (OH) at one end joins with a hydrogen at the other end and forms a water molecule so the monomers can join. |
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Term
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Definition
| The opposite of dehydration-the OH from a water molecule joins the end of one polymer and the hydrogen atom joins another. |
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Term
| The molecular formula of glucose and fructose is ____________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fructose and Glucose are _____________of each other. |
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Definition
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Term
| The main fuel molecule for cellular work is usually the monosaccharide ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a disaccharide? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Disaccharides are two monosaccharides connected by a dehydration reaction. An example is sucrose. |
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Term
| Distinguish between the functions of the following polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, and cellulose. |
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Definition
-energy or for building other molecules
-for releasing glucose as needed
-digestive system health |
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Term
| Why is cellulose good for you even if our digestive system cannot break it down? |
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Definition
| It provides insoluble fiber |
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Term
| Why are cotton bath towels so good at being absorbent? |
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Definition
| They are made of mostly cellulose and highly hydrophilic |
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Term
| Lipids are hydrophobic. What does this mean? |
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Definition
| Water-fearing; they mix poorly or usually not at all with water. |
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Term
| Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats. |
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Definition
Sat-has maximum number of hydrogens
Un-fats with double bonds in carbon chain (less than max) |
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Term
| Distinguish between the function and molecular structure of the following types of lipids: phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. |
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Definition
-major component of cell membranes, structurally similar to fats (two fatty acids attached to glycerol with a negatively charged phosphate group)
-***
-a lipid with a carbon skeleton of four rings |
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Term
| Even though too much cholesterol is not good for us, contributing to blockage of the arteries, it is still a necessary molecule. Explain why. |
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Definition
| It's a starting material for making other steroids, like sex hormones. |
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Term
| The human sex hormones, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, are all what type of lipid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are anabolic steroids? What are the risks associated with the use of these? |
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Definition
| A synthetic form of testosterone. OD can cause mood swings, liver damage, high BP, and can contribute to cancer. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of enzymes? |
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Definition
| To regulate chemical reactions in cells |
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Term
| What is protein diversity based on? |
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Definition
| The different arrangements of amino acids |
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Term
| Amino acids all contain an amine group and a carboxyl group bonded to a central carbon atom. What makes each amino acid different? |
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Definition
| They bond to a carbon atom, so there are many possible combinations and they can form very long chains |
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Term
| What type of bond links amino acids together forming a polypeptide? |
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Definition
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Term
| A protein’s specific shape determines its ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the shape of a protein determine how it works? Give an example. |
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Definition
| Their shape lets them bind to other molecules. Lyzozome's shape lets it attach to the right molecules to kill bacteria. |
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Term
| What does “denature” mean? What can denature a protein? |
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Definition
| When a polypeptide loses its shape and function. Changes in salt, pH, and excessive heat can denature. |
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Term
| A protein has four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Describe each. |
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Definition
1. the order of amino acids in a chain
2. coiling chain into an alpha helix or pleated sheet
3. 3D of a polypeptide (R groups).
4. two or more polypeptide chains |
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Term
| Distinguish between an alpha helix and a pleated sheet in the secondary structure of a protein. |
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Definition
| The first is a coiling chain, the second is a certain kind of folding |
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Term
| What did Linus Pauling contribute to science? |
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Definition
| He won 2 nobel prizes, made advances in cures for sickle cell, discovered secondary structure of protein, and helped produce a ban on nuclear testing. |
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Term
| What is a gene and what is it composed of? |
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Definition
| They determine the structure of proteins and are made of DNA (nucleic acid) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of RNA? |
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Definition
| DNA must first be transcribed into RNA before being used as the primary structure of polypeptides |
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Term
| Name the four nitrogen bases in DNA. In RNA. |
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Definition
-Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine
-Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil |
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Term
| How does the shape of DNA differ from RNA? |
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Definition
| RNA is usually a single strand while DNA is a double helix |
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Term
| What type of bond holds together the nitrogen bases in DNA? |
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Definition
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