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| study of structure and function of cells; studied with light and electron microscopes |
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| cell membrane made of double layer of molecules with hydrophilic glycerol head and 2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails |
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| short cell membrane extensions |
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hair-like projections for movement of surrounding fluids
(line respiratory tract, fallopian tubes) |
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whiplike extension of cell membrance
(eg sperm) |
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contents inside cell membrane but outside nuclear membrane; includes all organelles (little organs) and cytosol (fluid) |
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| nothing crosses cell membrane |
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| anything can cross the cell membrane |
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•passage to some, but not all
•Ability to cross cell membrane based on size, shape, electrical charge, water solubility |
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no energy expended by cell to move molecules |
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| requires cell to expend energy to move molecules |
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| types of passive transport |
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–Diffusion
–Osmosis
–Filtration
–Facilitated diffusion |
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| types of active transport |
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- endocytosis
- exocytosis |
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Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (concentration gradient); solutes eventually uniformly distributed and concentration gradient eliminated |
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Diffusion of water across semi-permeable membrane (permeable to water, but not dissolved materials (solutes)); water flows toward side with solutes in attempt to bring two sides into equilibrium |
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Force needed to stop flow of water by osmosis to one side |
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Mechanical force pushes water/some solutes across membrane (capillaries à tissues) |
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Carrier proteins carry big molecules from higher to lower concentration (with concentration gradient)
(glucose à cell) |
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form of active transport where vesicle inside cell fuses with cell membrane and discharges contents outside cell |
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| form of active transport where materials outside cell (extracellular) move into vesicle at cell wall for import |
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type of endocytosis where cytoplasmic extensions (pseudopodia or false foot) enclose object in vesicle and vesicle fuses with lysosome for digestive enzymes |
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solution in equilibrium, no net flow of water in any direction
(saline solution) |
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solution less concentrated than intracellular fluid;
water flows into cell, swelling, membrane may rupture (lyse) |
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solution more concentrated than intracellular fluid;
water leaves cell, cell shrivels and dehydrates (crenation) |
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