Term
Water: Challenges and Opportunities
(4) |
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Definition
Density: 800x greater than air
Viscosity: 18x greater than air
Oxygen: air 20.9%, water 1-5%
Electrical conductivity |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased size because little effect of gravity |
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Term
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Definition
More friction (requires streamlined shaped)
Tidal ventilation inefficient |
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Term
Electrical Conductivity
(2) |
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Definition
Water conducts/ air doesn't
Detect electricity of other organisms |
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Term
Obtainting Oxygen: Ventilation
(3) |
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Definition
Buccal pumping
Ram ventilation
Operculum |
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Term
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Definition
Swim constantly w/ mouth open to breathe
Must swim perpetually
Some sharks and bony fish |
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Term
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Definition
Protects gills
Assists w/ buccal pumping
Prevents backflow of H2O |
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Term
Obtaining Oxygen: Gills
(2) |
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Definition
Gill, filaments, lamellae
Extracts ~80% of oxygen from water |
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Term
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Definition
| Where blood flows through segments on filaments |
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Term
Counter current gas exchange
(4) |
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Definition
H2O flows opposite direction to blood
Cross right diffusion gradient along capillary
Oxygen higher in water compared to blood
Increase level of gas exchange |
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Term
Mainting Position: Buoyancy
(4) |
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Definition
Same depth w/o swimming
Density equal to water: neutral buoyancy
Benefit w/o swimming (reduced energy cost)
Bony fish have swim bladder |
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Term
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Definition
Increasing water depth, increase in shrinking of swim bladder
Adjusts buoyancy |
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Term
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Definition
Physostomous
Physoclistous |
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Term
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Definition
Connected to stomach
Gulp air at surface to fill
Burp to empty |
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Term
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Definition
Advanced
Fill by secreting oxygen from blood
Gas gland and rete mirabile
Ovale: empties oxygen to blood |
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Term
| Gas gland and rete mirabile |
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Definition
| Increases oxygen concentration in blood for oxygen diffusion into bladder |
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Term
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Definition
No swim bladder
Liver and body fluids (squaline): neutral buoyancy
Liver density less than water
Nitrogenous compounds and ions in blood: less dense |
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Term
Aquatic Senses: Motion
(3) |
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Definition
Lateral line system
Contains neuromast organs: hair cells
Fishes and aquatic amphibs |
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Term
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Definition
Pores in skin/goes to canal/neuromast organ
Make up lateral line system
Cupula: gelatinous mass
2 hair cells: hairs= kinocilia |
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Term
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Definition
Clupeidae: herring and shad
Organs on head only
Concentrated lines on head, esp. predators
Schooling fish
Ex. Ratfishes |
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Term
Detection of electrical fields
(4) |
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Definition
Animals generate electric fields
Nerve signals
Injury: 2x signal released, good at detecting wounded prey
Chondrichthyes and some bony fishes |
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Term
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Definition
Ampullae of Lorenzini: electroreceptors/ pores on nose
Canals filled w/ gel: conducts electricity, compares electrical differences between pore surface and sensory cell, detects temp. diff. |
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Term
Other Electrical Functions
(3) |
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Definition
Discharge: stun prey, modified muscle cells (ex. electric eels)
Electrolocation (ex. elephantfish)
Communication |
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Term
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Definition
Regulating the concentration of body fluids
Freshwater |
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Term
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Definition
Body fluids hyperosmolal to environment
Body concentration higher than environment
Problem:organism will gain water through osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
Body fluids hypoosmolal to environment
Problem: lose water to environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Problem: losing water to environment through evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
Byproduct of protein digestion
Ammonia |
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Term
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Definition
High solubility in water and very toxic
Excrete in very dilute urine
Ex. Freshwater verts., esp. bony fish |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Others Convert Ammonia by Liver to:
(3) |
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Definition
Urea
Uric Acid
Costs a lot of energy to produce |
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Term
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Definition
Less toxic and requires less H2O
Ex. mammals, marine verts., adult amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
Conversion requires most energy
Insoluble in water and least toxic
Best at conserving H2O
Ex. reptiles and birds |
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Term
Reptiles and Birds Reason for Uric Acid?
(3) |
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Definition
Reptiles: dry environment
Birds: lighter mass for flight
Reproduction via hard-shelled eggs: no toxic waste |
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Term
Osmoregulation: Freshwater Bony Fishes
(2) |
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Definition
Chloride Cells: Move salts against concentration gradient
Requires active transport and energy |
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Term
Osmoregulation: Cartilaginous Fishes
(5) |
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Definition
Retain urea in body
Hyperosmolal to seawater
Gain H2O and salts in gills
No chloride cells
Rectal gland removes salts from blood |
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Term
Chonrichthyes: Derived Characters
(4) |
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Definition
Calcification of cartilage
Pelvic claspers in males
Placoid scales
Series of replacement teeth (tooth whorls) |
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Term
| Calcification of cartilage |
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Definition
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Term
Pelvic claspers in males
(2) |
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Definition
Internal fertilization
Rare |
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Term
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Definition
Spine of dentine covered by enamaloid
Protection
Ridges increase hydrodynamics
Decreases turbulence and drag through H2O |
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Term
Series of replacement teeth
(2) |
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Definition
Teeth= modified scales
Forms in dermis |
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Term
Chondrichthyes: Other Characteristics
(4) |
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Definition
Cartilaginous skeleton (mineralization lost)
Increased buoyancy
Jaws and vertebrae= calcified
Heterocercal tail |
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Term
Chonrichthyes Heterocercal Tail
(3) |
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Definition
Ventral lobe is directed downward
Creates forward and upward thrust
Counteracts negative buoyancy |
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Term
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Definition
Ratfishes
~49 species
All marine
~1m long
~370 mya |
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Term
Holocephali Derived Characters
(2) |
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Definition
Palatoquadrate fused to cranium (holostylic jaw)
Pectoral fins w/ 2 supports |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Holocephali Other Characters
(2) |
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Definition
No scales: lost
1 pr of gill openings |
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Term
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Definition
Benthic bottom dwellers: >500m
Feed on hard-shelled shrimp, mollusks, sea urchins
Tooth plates: nipping and grinding (continual growth)
Reproduction: oviparous eggs
Lays horny-shelled eggs in prs
Slow reproductive cycle
~10-12 yrs to reach sexual maturity and produce few young per yr |
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Term
Elasmobranchii: Sharks, Skates, Rays
(2) |
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Definition
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Term
Elasmobranchii Derived Characters
(2) |
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Definition
Pectoral fins w/ 3 supports
Subterminal mouth |
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Term
| Elasmobranchii Other Characters |
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Definition
| 5-7 prs external gill slits |
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Term
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Definition
~550 species
Gill openings lateral |
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Term
Shark senses and prey detection
(3) |
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Definition
Olfaction
Mechanoreception
Vision |
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Term
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Definition
Long disance
Detect blood up to 1km or more |
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Term
"Sharks" Mechanoreception
(2) |
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Definition
Vibrations from struggling prey
Respond up to ~1km |
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Term
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Definition
Close range
More rods than cones
Good for low light vision/ nocturnal
Tapetum lucidum |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflective layer at back of eye |
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