Term
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Definition
| Management of pregnancy/birth/neonatology |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ball with fluid-filled cavity |
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Term
| When is the embryo phase? |
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Definition
| First 8 weeks of development |
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Term
| When does the fetus begin/end? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the neonatal phase? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic material from haploid sperm merges with genetic material from haploid secondary oocyte forming a single diploid nucleus |
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Term
| Where does fertilization occur and how long does it take? |
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Definition
| Fallopian tubes, 12-24 hours after ovulation |
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Term
| How long is the sperm viable in the vagina? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fusion of sperm and secondary oocyte, sperm penetrates secondary oocyte |
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Term
| What does fertilization result in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are dizygotic twins? |
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Definition
| Fraternal, two separate oocytes, genetically different siblings |
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Term
| What are monozygotic twins? |
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Definition
| Identical, one fertilized egg, split early in development (up to 8 days after fertilization), genetically identical |
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Term
| How do congoined twins form? |
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Definition
| Fertilized egg splits more than 8 days after fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitosis, begin 24 hours after fertilization, begins with blastomere then morula then blastocyst |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells produced by cleavage |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow ball of cells, stage when enters uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer layer of blastocyst |
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Term
| What is the inner cell mass? |
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Definition
| Inner layer of blastocyst |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where and when does implantation occur? |
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Definition
| Fundus or body of uterus, two days after entering uterus |
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Term
| What is an ectopic pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Implantation in fallopian tubes or outer surface of tubes or uterus, can lead to bleeding and acute abdominal and pelvic pain, can result in missed periods, life-threatening to mother |
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Term
| What is in vitro fertilization(IVF)? |
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Definition
| Fertilization outside body, morula inserted into uterus |
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Term
| What is gamete intrafallopian transfer(GIFT)? |
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Definition
| Sperm and eggs transferred laprascopically into fallopian tube, fertilization in fallopian tube |
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Term
| What is intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI)? |
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Definition
| Sperm injected into secondary oocyte's cytoplasm, then IVF procedure following |
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Term
| What are IVF, GIFT, and ICSI? |
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Definition
| Alternative methods of fertilization |
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Term
| What is the purpose of amniotic fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures develop during the second week of development? |
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Definition
| Amnion, yolk sac, chorion |
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Term
| What occurs in the third week of development? |
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Definition
| Gastrulation = development of endoderm/mesoderm/ectoderm, development of notochord which will become backbone, neurulation = development of nervous system, beginnings of muscles/bones, beginnings of heart development |
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Term
| What occurs in the fourth week of development? |
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Definition
| Organogenesis = all major organs start to develop, beginnings of upper and lower limb buds,eyes and ear begin to develop, lungs begin to develop, tail appears |
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Term
| What occurs doing the fifth week of development? |
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Definition
| Rapid development of brain, head grows |
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Term
| What occurs during the sixth week of development? |
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Definition
| Limbs show much development, heart now has 4 chambers |
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Term
| What happens during the seventh week of development? |
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Definition
| Regions of limb become distinct, fingers and toes begin to appear |
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Term
| What happens during the eighth week of development? |
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Definition
| Tail starting to disappear, eyes now open, fingers and toes now distinct, external genitals begin to differentiate, embryo looks human |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that are harmful to developing fetus, examples are: chemicals and drugs, ionizing radiation, alcohol, cigarette smoking |
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Term
| What roles do progetserone and estrogens play in pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Maintains endometrium during pregnancy, helps prepare mammary glands for lactation, prepares mother's body for birth |
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Term
| What does the human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG) hormone do? |
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Definition
| Stimulates estrogen and progesterone secretion by corpus luteum, peaks during 9th week |
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Term
| What does relaxin hormone do? |
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Definition
| Increases flexibility of pubic symphysis/ligaments/joints, helps dilate uterine cervix during labor |
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Term
| What are some general maternal changes during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Weight gain, breast enlargement, lower back pain |
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Term
| What are cardiovascular maternal changes during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| SV/CO/HR and blood volume all increase |
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Term
| What are some pulmonary maternal changes during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Increased respiratory volumes, increased O2 demand |
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Term
| What are some digestive maternal changes during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Increased appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation |
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Term
| What are some urinary maternal changes during pregnancy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some integumentary maternal changes during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Stretch marks(striae), increased pigmentation, hair loss increases |
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Term
| What are some reproductive maternal changes during pregnancy? |
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Definition
| Uterus enlarges, vagina more pliable |
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Term
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Definition
| Regular uterine contractions, oxytocin and relaxin released, interval shortens, strength increases, blood in cervical mucus, cervical dilation |
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Term
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Definition
| Irregular abdominal pain, no show, no cervical dilation |
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Term
| What is the first stage of labor? |
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Definition
| Dilation: time from onset of labor to complete dilation of cervix, longest stage typically 6-12 hours, water breaks (amniotic fluid) |
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Term
| What is the second stage of labor? |
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Definition
| Expulsion: contractions force fetal head into cervix stretching it, stretch receptors cause release of more oxytocin which causes stronger more frequent contractions, cycle broken when delivery accomplished and all stimuli cease |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficult birth, may require cesarean section |
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Term
| What is the third stage of labor? |
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Definition
| Placental: 5-30 minutes after delivery until placenta expelled |
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Term
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Definition
| Most widely used method in childbirth for pain relief, only technique that gives complete pain relief while patient is awake and alert, catheter inserted into epidural space |
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Term
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Definition
| Somewhat common, affects part of body touching saddle, given when patient is ready to deliver, injected into fluid around spinal cord |
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Term
| What 3 respiratry adjustments must occur together within the infant at birth? |
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Definition
Medulllary respiratory center: responds to high carbon dioxide level to stimulate respiratory muscles
Respiratory muscles: contract to draw in first breath
Lungs: vaginal delivery squeezes fluid out of lungs |
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Term
| What cardiovascular adjustments occur at birth? |
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Definition
| Foramen ovale closes at moment of birth, ductus arteriosus is shut by muscular contractions when lungs are used, ductus venosus closes when umbilical cord is severed |
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