Term
| What is the anatomy of a neuron? |
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Definition
-cell body
-nucleus so it can divide
-dendrites
-myelin
-Axon
-Axon Terminals
-Synaptic Vesicles |
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Term
| What is the progression of an electrochemical neural transmission? |
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Definition
1. Pre synaptic neuron (neg charge)
2. Soma (can also receive incoming transmission to fire)
3. Dendrites with receptors for receiving messages from other neurons
4. Axon which has the myelin sheath (fatty protective coating) and the nodes of Ranvier (gaps in the myelin sheath)
5. Axon Terminal (end of Axon)
6. Synaptic Vesicles (within the axon terminal, small little bubbles that hold the neurotransmitters)
7. Neurotransmitters (held in the synaptic vesicles and released when it is told to fire)
8. Synaptic Cleft (space in bw other neuron receptors)
9. Receptors from fired at neuron that fit the specific neurotransmitters fired
10. Post synaptic neuron / reuptake (neg charge) |
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Term
| What are the 6 neurotansmitters? |
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Definition
1. Acetylcholine: Activates muscles (can estimate exercise levels by measuring this)
2. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: Control arousal and alertness (caffeine)
3. Serotonin: regulates mood, appetite (depressed people have less)
4, Dopamine: Used by reward centers of the brain, frontal lobes (powerful sense of well being feeling like you are on top of the world) (if too low you cannot control your body, Parkinson’s)
5. Enkephalins and Endorphins (endogenous morphine): regulate pain neuron firing and sensitivity
6. GABA: Inhibits neural activity (blocks other neurotransmitters from coming in, it blocks the ion gates-it will slow the system down) |
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Term
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Definition
-a fatty substance made by glial cells
-insulates neurons, speeds neurotransmission
-makes neurons burn less energy |
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Term
| What disease thinks Myelin is a foreign substance? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are neurons connected to your behavior? |
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Definition
-there are perhaps a 100 billion neurons in our bodies
-They connect to our behavior through the
1. Central Nervous System - Brain and Spinal Cord
2.Peripheral Nervous System - Muscles, organs, and sensory neurons |
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Term
| What is the periperal nervous systm comprised of? |
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Definition
1. Somatic Nervous System - Sensory and motor neurons
2. Autonomic Nervous System - neurons no consciously controlled |
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Term
| What is the Autonomic Nervous System consist of ? |
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Definition
1. Sympathetic Nervous System - fight or flight
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System - returns body to normal |
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Term
| What happens in the fight or flight response of teh sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
| eyes open wide, shuts off salivary glands, opens up larynx, trachea lungs make you feel lightheaded with the maximum air flow, pumps up heart much faster and harder, stomach blood flow is cut off , pancreas, liver make the liver secrete blood clotting protein, adrenal glands pump lots of adrenaline, skin blood vessels close off, kidneys filtrate as much as possible, Intestines stomach contracting and come to a halt because of lack of blood flow, rectum clamps down violently, genitals blood is withdrawn |
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Term
| What structures does the brain consist of? |
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Definition
1. Hindbrain - medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formations (inside of pons)
2. Midbrain - sustantia nigra
3. Forebrain - Thalamus, Hypothalamus, pituitary glands, corpus collosum, cortex, and limic system |
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Term
| What does the Medulla control? |
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Definition
| -breathing, heart rate, measures acidity of your blood |
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Term
| What does the Pons control? |
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Definition
| -arousal level, dreaming, wakes us up in the morning, and helps put us to sleep at night, relay station for the cerebellum |
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Term
| What does the reticular formation control? |
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Definition
| -Actually puts you to sleep and wakes you up, works with the pons to do this |
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Term
| What does the cerebellum control? |
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Definition
| -Muscle coordination, balance |
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Term
| What does the thalamus control? |
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Definition
| -critical relay station for upper brain |
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Term
| What does the hypothalamus control? |
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Definition
| -homeostasis, hunger, thirst, sex drive all originate from the hypothalamus, it motivates you to get up and going |
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Term
| What does the corpus collosum control? |
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Definition
| -connects left and right hemispheres |
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Term
| What does the pituitary gland control? |
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Definition
| produces hormones and talks to the rest of the brain |
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Term
| What does the limbic system consist of? |
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Definition
Cingulate Gyrus – distribution system, coordinates sensory input and emotion
Amygdala -controls emotional expression
Hippocampus-stores declarative memories (cant make any new memories if this get damaged, alsheimers disease) |
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Term
| What are the 4 lobes of the brain? |
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Definition
1. Temporal Lobe
2. Occipital Lobe
3. Parietal Lobe
4. Frontal Lobe |
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Term
| What does the Temporal lobe control? |
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Definition
-the auditory cortex
-auditory memories
-wernicke’s (Ver-ni-kee) area – language area |
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Term
| What does the Occipital lobe control? |
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Definition
-the visual cortex
-visual memories |
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Term
| What does the Parietal Lobe control? |
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Definition
-the somatosensory cortex (feels the body senses)
-spatial memories |
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Term
| What does the frontal lobe control? |
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Definition
-the motor cortex (back of frontal)
-motor memories (back of frontal)
-all advance reasoning – planning, reasoning, impulse control (front of frontal) |
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Term
| What are the endocrine glands and what do they do? |
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Definition
-Pituitary
-triggers puberty, controls growth, triggers ovulation, regulates other endocrine glands
-Thyroid
-controls metabolism, weight gain and loss, energy levels
-Thymus
-critical immune system component, makes T-cells
-Adrenals
-regulate body salts, trigger fight or flight reaction
-Pancreas
-controls blood sugar levels
-Ovaries and Testes
-make sex hormones, cause primary sex characteristics, influence aggression, regulate sex drive |
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Term
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Definition
| Worker who had a pole thru is head. Gage lost impulse control, planning ability, attentional capacity, and abstract thought as a result of his accident |
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