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| What chemical elements make up 96% of body mass |
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| oxgen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
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| smallest complete unit of an element |
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| protons+, neutrons0, electrons- |
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| protons+neutrons in an atom(always a whole number) |
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| atomic weight--average mass of all naturally occuring isotopes. not always exactly a whole number. usually close to mass # of most abundant isotope |
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| elements with the same # of protons but a varying # of neutrons |
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| formed when atoms share electrons |
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| substances that contain atoms of 2 or more different elements. |
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| how are the atoms of molecules held together? |
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| by forces of attraction called chemical bonds |
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| ions are atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their outer electron shel/valence shell. this process is known as |
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| are formed from the force of attraction created between positively ad megatively charged ions |
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| strongest chemical bonds, formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two or three pairs of their valence electrons. |
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| atoms share the electrons equally (most common) |
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| formed by unequal sharing of electrons between atoms. they are extremely important because the all-important water molecules makes use of this bond |
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| sum of all the chemical reactions in the body |
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| structurally simple molecules that usually lack carbon, like salt potassium chloride |
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| always contain carbon, are usually large, complex molecules, and always have covalent bonds. |
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this dissolves the solute
AKA WATER |
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this is what gets dissolved
AKA SUGAR IN WATER |
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| provide most of the energy needed for life=sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose. |
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| are formed by combining two monosaccharides |
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| largest carbohydrates and may contain hundreds of monosaccharides |
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| principal polysaccharide in the human body; stored in the liver/skeletal muscles |
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| are another major group of organic molecules. contain c, h, o like carbohydrates, but do not have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, therefore there are a few polar covalent bonds, which makes them hydrophobic and mostly insolube in water. |
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| most plentiful lipids in the body and provide protection, insulation and energy. |
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| are important membrane components. both polar and nonpolar regions make them soluble in water and fats |
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| 2 amino acids joined by a covalent bond called a peptide bond |
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| chains contain 10 to 2000 amino acids |
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| some hormones, cell receptors |
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| form channels, carriers (for solutes across membranes) |
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| recognition and protection |
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| glycoprotein antigens, antibodies and clotting proteins |
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| proteins bind cells together |
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| huge organic hydrophilic molecules that contain C, H, O, N, P, and form the principle molecules that contain our genetic code |
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-universal in living things
-carry genetic info as dna
-control the formation of the proteinsregulates the activities in our cells throughout a lifetime |
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| also used in making energy carrying molecule called ATP |
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