Term
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Definition
| uptake of oxygen and the simultaneous release of carbon dioxide |
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Term
| most primitive animal phyla obtain oxygen directly from their environments through ? |
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Definition
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Term
| moving the water past the gills in the same direction permits |
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Definition
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Term
| countercurrent flow is an extremely efficient way of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does countercurrent flow work? |
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Definition
blood flows through a gill filament in an opposite direction to the movement of water,
the blood in the blood vessels always encounters water with a higher oxygen concentration, resulting in the diffusion of oxygen into the blood vessels |
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Term
| Lungs are less efficient than gills because |
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Definition
| new air that is inhaled mixes with old air already in the lung |
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Term
| the lungs of mammals possess on their inner surface many small chambers called ? |
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Definition
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Term
| having alveoli greatly increases... |
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Definition
| surface area for the diffusion of oxygen |
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Term
| birds have evolved the most efficient lung. How does it work? |
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Definition
an avian lung is connected to a series of air sacs outside of the lung
this creates a unidirectional flow of air through the lungs
blood flow and airflow are not opposite but flow at perpendicular angles in crosscurrent flow |
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Term
| In the mammalian respiratory system, air passes in and out of the lungs, which are housed in the ? |
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Definition
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Term
How mammal lungs work: air is warmed and filtered as it flows through the ?
it passes next through the ?, then the ?, then to the ?. From there, air passes through several branchings of ? in the lungs and then to the ?.
The tissue of the lungs is divided into tiny air sacs called ?; through these thin-walled cells, gas exchange with the blood occurs |
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Definition
| nasal cavity; pharynx; larynx; trachea; bronchi; bronchioles; alveoli |
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Term
| a ? muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| each lung is covered by a thin, smooth membrane called the |
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Definition
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Term
| Air is drawn into the lungs by the creation of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The active pumping of air in and out is called |
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Definition
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Term
| during inhalation, muscular contraction causes the chest cavity to |
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Definition
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Term
| during exhalation, the ribs and diaphragm |
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Definition
| return to their original position |
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Term
| In a human, a typical breath at rest moves about ? L of air, called the ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The extra amount of air that can be forced into and out of the lung is called the ? and is about ? L in men and ? L in women |
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Definition
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Term
| The air remaining in the lung after such a maximal expiration is the ?, or dead volume, typically about ? L |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxygen moves through the circulatory system carried by the protein |
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Definition
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Term
| hemoglobin molecules contain ?, which binds oxygen in a reversible way |
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Definition
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Term
| about ?% of CO2 simply dissolves in the plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| ?% of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin but at a different site than where O2 binds |
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Definition
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Term
| the remaining ?% of CO2 diffuses into the red blood cells |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to maintain the gradient for CO2 to leave the tissues and enter the plasma, the CO2 levels in the plasma must be ? |
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Definition
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Term
| The enzyme ? combines CO2 with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemoglobin also has the ability to hold and release the gas |
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Definition
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Term
| has an important physiological role in the body, acting on many kinds of cells to change their shape and function. Example? |
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Definition
| NO; NO causes blood vessels to expand because it relaxes the surrounding muscle cells |
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