Term
| What is the structure and function of arteries? Capillaries? Veins? |
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Definition
Arteries: carry blood away from heart
Capillaries: site of nutrient and gas exchange
Veins: carry blood towards the heart |
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Term
| What are the 3 walls of the blood vessel? |
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Definition
Tunica interna: consists of endothelium/elastic lamina
Tunica media: consists of elastic fibers/smooth muscle
Tunica externa: consists of elastin/collagen fibers |
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Term
| What are elastic arteries? |
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Definition
| Largest arteries, thin-walled compared to lumen diameter, carry large volumes of blood quickly. |
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Term
| What are muscular arteries? |
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Definition
| Intermediate size, thicker wall compared to lumen, help adjust rate of blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Union of branches of 2 or more vessels serving same body area, allows collateral circulation for an alternate blood route. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nearly microscopic, major site of BP regulation through vasoconstriction or vasodilation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connection between arterioles and venules, site of gas/nutrient/waste exchange, blood flow is regulated by metarterioles and precapillary sphincter. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of capillaries? |
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Definition
Continuous: medium, muscle, CT, lungs
Fenestrated: small, kidneys, SI villi, endocrine glands
Sinusoids: large, red bone marrow, liver, spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| Small veins, receive blood from capillaries, drain into veins. |
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Term
| What are veins? (function/structure) |
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Definition
| Return blood to heart, walls have thin tunica interna and media and thick tunica externa and aren't as strong/thick as arteries and are flexible, valves prevent backflow and are for the veins of the limbs and if valves leak can lead to varicose veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin, no smooth muscle to alter diameter, receive blood then empty it out. |
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Term
| How is the blood distributed throughout the body? |
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Definition
| Systemic veins and venules contain a large percentage of blood volume, function as blood reservoirs. |
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Term
| How does diffusion occur in capillary exchange? |
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Definition
| Lipid-soluble materials diffuse across cell membranes, water-soluble materials diffuse via fenestrations/intercellular clefts. |
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Term
| How does transcytosis occur in capillary exchange? |
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Definition
Endocytosis: large non-lipid soluble substances enter cells enclosed in vesicles
Exocytosis: substances exit cells |
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Term
| What is bulk flow in capillary exchange? |
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Definition
| Movement of large numbers of ions, molecules in same direction from high to low pressure areas. |
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Term
| What is starling's law of capillaries and what is filtration and reabsorption? |
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Definition
Starling's law: capillary filtration and reabsorption are balanced
Filtration: movement of fluid/solutes from capillaries into interstitial fluid
Reabsorption: movement of fluid/solutes from interstitial fluid into capillaries |
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Term
| Describe the two major hydrostatic pressures. |
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Definition
Blood hydrostatic pressure: pushes fluids into interstitial fluid, promotes flitration
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure: pushes fluids into blood, promotes reabsorption, usually is less than BHP |
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Term
| Describe the two major osmotic pressures. |
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Definition
Blood colloid osmotic pressure: albumin molecules pull water into blood, promotes reabsorption
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure: pulls water into interestitial fluid, IFOP usually less than BCOP, promotes filtration |
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Term
| What is the formula for net filtration pressure and what is it? |
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Definition
NFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP)
Shows direction of fluid movement, positive NFP means fluid moves out of the blood, negative NFP means fluid moves into the blood. |
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Term
| How does CO affect blood flow? |
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Definition
| Higher CO = faster velocity, lower volume reduces CO and BP, water retention increases BP. |
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Term
| Describe/define blood pressure. |
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Definition
| Contraction of ventricles generates blood pressure, pressure against vessel wall, measured with sphygmomanometer. |
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Term
| What is vascular resistance? |
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Definition
| Friction slowing blood flow, the smaller radius of the vessel the greater the resistance, the longer the vessel the greater the resistance. |
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Term
| What is venous return and what factors influence it? |
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Definition
| Volume of blood returning to heart through veins, cardiac chamber pressures, low vein resistance, functional heart valves, skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump aid venous return. |
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Term
| How is the velocity of blood flow related to the cross-sectional area of the vessel? |
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Definition
| Velocity is lower with higher cross-sectional area. |
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Term
| What is circulation time? |
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Definition
| Time for blood to make complete circuit through body, normal time is 1 min at rest, shorter if higher velocity. |
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Term
| How is blood pressure and blood flow controlled? |
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Definition
| Cardiovascular center in the medulla oblongata, receives input from higher brain regions and sensory receptors. |
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Term
| What pathway is cardiostimulatory? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic ANS which activates NE. |
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Term
| What path is cardioinhibitory? |
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Definition
| Parasympathetic ANS which release ACh. |
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Term
| What are baroreceptors and how do they go about neural regulation? |
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Definition
| Found in walls of carotid arteries and aorta, negative feedback loop, if BP low HR increases to cause increase of BP, stimulation of baroreceptors can slow HR in tachycardia in carotid arteries. |
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Term
| How do chemoreceptors help with neural regulation? |
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Definition
| Chemoreceptors found close to baroreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies, detect H+/CO2/O2 levels. |
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Term
| What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system? |
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Definition
| Releases renin from kidneys when blood volume falls or blood flow to kidneys decreases, renin converted which causes vasoconstriction, stimulates aldosterone secretion in adrenal glands, reabsorbs Na+ and H2O which causes increase in BP. |
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Term
| How do norepinephrine and epinephrine hormonally regulate? |
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Definition
| Increase CO and BP by increasing rate of force of contractions, cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation. |
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Term
| How does antidiuretic hormone hormonally regulate? |
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Definition
| Released when dehydrated or decreased blood volume, vasoconstriction upon hemorrhage which raises BP, inhibited by alcohol. |
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Term
| How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormonally regulate? |
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Definition
| Released by atrial cells, vasodilation, promotes excretion of Na+/H2O which lowers blood volume and lowers BP. |
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Term
| What are the two ways the body autoregulates BP? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the body physically autoregulate BP? |
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Definition
| Warming through vasodilation, cooling through vasoconstriction, myogenic response is when arteriole stretches and smooth muscle contracts cause constriction. |
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Term
| How does the body chemically autoregulate BP? |
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Definition
| Chemicals released from blood cells to tissues adjacent to blood, stimuli that cause release are O2/CO2 levels, tissue stretching, and hormones. |
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Term
| What are two vasodilating chemicals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two vasoconstricting chemicals? |
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Definition
| Thromboxane A2 and serotonin. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a bounding pulse? |
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Definition
| Very strong, fluid overload. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of hypertension? |
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Definition
Prehypertension: systolic b/w 120-139 or diastolic b/w 80-89
Stage 1: systolic b/w 140-159 or diastolic b/w 90-99
Stage 2: systolic above 160 or diastolic above 100 |
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Term
| What is shock and what are the 4 types? |
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Definition
Failure of cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs.
1. Hypovolemic = decreased blood volume
2. Cardiogenic = poor heart function/ischemia/MI
3. Vascular = inappropriate vasodilation
4. Obstructive = obstruction of blood flow |
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Term
| What homeostatic response occur when 10% of total fluid is lost due to shock? |
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Definition
| Homeostasis compensates if up to 10% total fluid loss, RAA system activates, secretes ADH, ANS activated, release of local vasodilators, CO/BP is raised, can last 30 sec to 48 hr. |
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Term
| What homeostatic responses occur when 10-20% of body fluid is lost due to schock? |
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Definition
| Homeostatic responses often cannot compensate, drastic decrease of CO/BP, capillary leakage, acidosis, heart/liver use up ATP reserves, DEAD. |
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Term
| What are sign/symptoms of shock? |
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Definition
| Skin pale/cool/clammy, systolic BP lower than 90 mm Hg, sweating, tachycardia, weak pulse, rapid pulse, altered mental state, decreased urine output, thirst, acidosis. |
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Term
| Describe the systemic circulatory routes. |
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Definition
| Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body and returns deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium. |
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Term
| Describe the pulmonary circulatory route. |
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Definition
| Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs and returns oxygenated blood to left atrium. |
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Term
| Describe the hepatic portal in blood circulation. |
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Definition
| Carries nutrient-rich, deoxygenated blood from GI tract and spleen to liver. |
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Term
| Describe the fetal circulatory route. |
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Definition
| Two umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood with wastes to placenta and one umbilical vein carries nutrient-rich, oxygenated vein back to fetus. |
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Term
| How does aging affect the blood circulation? |
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Definition
| Less blood in aorta, atrophy of cardiac myofibers, reduced CO, HR maximum is reduced, increase systolic BP, increase blood cholesterol, increased CAD, increased CHF, reduced blood flow. |
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Term
| Between primary and secondary hypertension which is idiopathic and which is not? |
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Definition
Primary: 90-95% idiopathic
Secondary: can identify the cause |
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Term
| What are the effects of hypertension? |
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Definition
| Thickened tunica media, atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, forces heart to work harder, myocardial hypertrophy leading to heart attack, strokes, kidney damage. |
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Term
| What are lifestyle changes to reduce hypertension? |
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Definition
| Lose excess weight, limit alcohol, exercise more, reduce Na+ intake, increase K/Ca/Mg intake, don't smoke, manage stress. |
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Term
| What are treatments for hypertension? |
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Definition
| Diuretics to increase urine output and decrease blood volume and BP, ACE inhibitors to promote vasodilation and decrease aldosterone secretion, beta blockers to inhibit renin and decrease HR and force of contraction, vasodilators which are Ca channel blockers which decrease HR. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulging of thin/weakened artery or vein, massive hemorrhage if it ruptures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of new blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| X-ray exam of aorta with injected dyes. |
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Term
| What is a carotid endarterectomy? |
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Definition
| Removal of plaque to restore blood flow to brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain/lameness in limbs due to poor circulation. |
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Term
| What is deep venous thrombosis? |
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Definition
| Blood clot in leg veins that can cause pulmonary embolism and damage vein valves. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Obstruction of blood vessel. |
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Term
| What is orthostatic hypotension? |
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Definition
| Excessive blood pressure drop when standing, sign of disease. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of clot from blood vessel. |
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Term
| What is a thrombophlebitis? |
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Definition
| Inflammation of vein due to blood clot. |
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Term
| What is white coat hypertension? |
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Definition
| Elevated BP when examined by physician, otherwise normal. |
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