2 divisions of the circulatory system?

cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

transportation throughout the body; regulation of fluidsand body temperature; protection from clotting of the blood and invaders of the immune system

How much blood is in the body?

5 - 8 liters

Whis is blood made up of?

cells (45%) and plasma (55%)

Albumin

~ 58% plasma; establishes blood osmotic pressure; transports some fatty acids and hormones

Globulins

~ 37% plasma proteins; alpha globins transports lipids and some metail ions; beta globulins trnsport iron ionds and lipids in blood stream; gamma globulins are antibodies that immobilize pathogens

Fibrinogen

~4% of plasma proteins; helps with blood clotting

Regulatory proteins

~ < 1% of plasma proteins; consists ofenzymes, proenzymes and hormones

Electrolytes

help establish and maintaine membrane potentials, maintain pH balance and regulate osmosis; sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, iron, bicaronate, and hydrogen

Nutrients

energy source; aminoacids, glucose, cholesterol, vitamins, fatty acids

Respiratory gases

oxygen and CO2

Wastes

trasported to the liver and kidneys where they can be removed from the blood; lactic acid, creatinine, urea, bilirubin, ammonia

Components of blood in a seperation tube

erthyrocytes, plasma, buffy coat

What are blood cells made by?

Stem cells/hemocytoblasts

2 types of blood?

Erthrocytes and Leukocytes

Erythrocytes

red blood cells; small, biconcave discs; 25 trillion; no nucliucleus or mitochondria; live for ~ 120 days

What erythrocytes contain?

hemoglobin

What is hemoglobin?

transports oxygen and CO2 and is responsible for the red color of arterial blood

Rouleaux

single file line up to pass through small blood vessels

What are hemoglobins composed of?

4 protein subunits called globins; each contains a heme group holding an iron ion in the center

What do each hemoglobin transports?

4 O² molecules

Antigen

substance that causes immune reaction

What are the most common antigens?

Surface antigen (A & B)

Which blood type contains surface antigen A?

Blood type A

Which blood types contains antigen B?

Blood type B

Which blood type contains antigen A and B?

Blood type AB

Which blood type contains neither surface antigens (A or B)?

Blood type O

Antibodies

travel in the blood plasma; interacts with specific antigens; recognizes and immobilizes an antigen it perceives as foreign to the body

Which blood type has anti-B antibodies?

Blood type A

Which blood type has anti-A antibodies?

Blood type B

Which blood type has neither anti-A antibodies or anti-B antibodies?

Blood type AB

Which blood type both anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies?

Blood type O

Agglutination

when the transfusion of the blood type is not compatible and clumps of erythrocytes bind together; can block blood vessels and prevent normal circulation

Hemolysis

process after agglutination;can lead to organ damage or in extreme cases death

Rh factor

surface antigen D; if present Rh (+); if not Rh (-)

Leukocytes

white blood cells; large cells; initiate immune respoponse; does not contain hemoglobin; 50 billion total; can move in/out of blood vessels via diapedesis

2 types of Leukocytes

Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes)

Neutrophils

phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria; release enzymes and chemical mediators that target pathogens; 60-70% leukocytes

Eosinophils

phagocytize allergens; antigen-antibody complexes; release chemical mediators to destroy parasitic worms; 2-4% of leukocytes

Basophils

release histamine and heparin during anti-inflammatory or allergic reactions; 0.5-1% of leukocytes

lymphocytes

attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells; coordinate immune cell activity; produce antibodies; 20-25% of leukocytes

Monocytes

can exit blood vessels and become macrophages; phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, dead leukocytes; 3-8% of leukocytes

Platelets

irregular, membrane enclosed fragments of megakaryocytes; release clotting enzymes; live ~ 10 days; 1 trillion total