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Class Mammalia Diversity
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Definition
29 orders
1 order of monotremes
7 orders of marsupials
21 orders of placentals |
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| Provide milk to nourish offspring |
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Protection
Sensory
Camouflage
Insulation
Waterproofing
Communication and social interaction |
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Term
Mammals evolved from...
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Definition
Synapsid amniotes (on pr temporal opening in skull)
Synapsids gave rise to therapsids
Therapsids survived Permian extinction 250 mya
Most common vertebrates in Triassic period |
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| Erect gait w/ upright limbs beneath body |
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Air-breathing vertebrates w/ two lungs have hard time moving and breathing at same time
Sideways flexing of body expands one lung and compresses the other |
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Clade of therapsids that survived mass extinction
Diversified into mammals
Modern mammals radiated again after non-avian dinosaurs died out 65 mya |
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"Dog-teeth"
Heterodont dentition
High metabolic rate
Specialized jaw musculature
Warm-blooded metabolism
Secondary bone palate
Number of ribs reduced
Expanded braincase |
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Definition
Late Triassic mammals were small and mouse-like
Hatched form eggs at first, then relied on maternal milk
Nocturnal insectivores
Agile, active, endothermic
Large brain and adaptable bodies |
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Definition
Mammals do not continuously replace their teeth
One deciduous set "milk teeth" and one permanent set |
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Spiny anteater and platypus
5 living species (Australia and New Guinea)
Lay leathery eggs
Lack nipples
Excretory and reproductive systems open into common cloaca |
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Opossums, kangaroos, koalas
334 extant species
70% in Australia and New Guinea
Young born in embryonic stage
Develop in pouch (marsupium)
Diversified to occupy similar niches to placental mammals |
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"Tasmanian Tiger"
Largest carnivorous marsupial
Last wild thylacine killed by Wilf Batty in 1903
"Benjamin" Hobart Zoo, died from neglect 1936 |
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"Placental mammals"
Prolonged period of gestation
Embryo nourished through a yolk sac placenta
Replaced by chorioallantoic placenta
All mammals in Europe, North America, Africa, Asia
Modified pelvis, jaw, wrist, and ankle bones |
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Hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis around a core of bone
Usually not shed
Curved but not branched
Grows continuously, in both sexes |
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Composed of solid bone at maturity
Develop beneath annual spring covering of highly vascular skin called velvet
Shed after breeding season, grows annually |
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Hair-like keratinized filaments arise from dermal papillae that are cemented together
Not attached to the skull
Worth more than gold on black market |
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Mice, woodchucks, squirrels, rats
Largest order
Lower and upper pairs of incisors grow continuously |
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Rabbits, hares, pikas
Dentition like rodents w/ 4 upper incisors |
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Lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans
Large cerebral hemisphere
5 digits w/ flat finger nails |
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Anteaters, armadillos, sloths
Toothless (anteaters)
Peg-like teeth (sloths & armadillos) |
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Bats
Flying mammals
Echolocation
White nose fungus
5.2-6.7 mill bats dead in North America since 2007
98% decline in some areas |
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Elephants
Tusks= upper incisors
Well developed molar teeth |
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Pinnipeds, dogs, wolves, cats, bears
Flesh-eating mammals all predators
Most have canine teeth adapted for tearing flesh
Pinnipeds= Marine picivores, walruses, seals, sea lions |
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Moles and shrews
Paraphyletic grouping of insectivores
Pointed snout or star-nose and spike-like teeth
Some shrews are venomous |
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Odd-toed ungulates
Horses, zebras, rhinos
Teeth adapted for grinding plants
Simple stomachs w/ digestion occurring in intestines (hindgut)
Feet often equipped w/ hooves |
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Even-toed ungulates
Swine, camels, deer hippos, cattle
Most are ruminants w/ partitioned stomachs
Infraorder Cetacea= whales, dolphins, porpoises |
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