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| contains protons and neutrons |
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| {number of protons} determines the element |
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| consist only of atoms with the same atomic number; pure substances |
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| the building blocks of all substances. Made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. |
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| have a negative charge, and move around the nucleus |
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| is an electrical property, attracts or repels other subatomic particles. |
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| different forms of the same element, with different numbers of neutrons. |
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| Total protons and neutrons in a nucleus, used to identify isotopes. |
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| Periodic table of elements |
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| an arrangement of the elements based on their atomic number and chemical properties; created by Dmitry Mendeleev |
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| emit the subatomic particles of energy when their nucleus breaks down, transforming one element into another at at constant rate. |
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| any molecule with a detectable substance attached. |
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| electron orbitals diagrams electron vacancies; filled from inside out |
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| an atomic with a positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of electrons in its outer shell. |
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| an attractive force existing between two atoms when their electrons interact. |
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| Molecules consisting of 2 or more elements whose proportions do not vary |
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| Two or more atoms joined in chemical bonds |
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| 2 or more substances that intermingle but do not bond; proportions of each can vary |
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| 2 atoms with similar electro negativity and unpaired electrons sharing a pair of electrons |
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| separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions in a polar covalent molecule |
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| a strong mutual attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions with a large difference in electronegativity [an electron is not transferred] |
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| atoms sharing electrons equally; formed between atoms with identical electronegativity |
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| atoms with different electronegativity dont share electrons equally; one atom has a more negative charge, the other is more positive |
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| a weak attraction between a highly electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond. |
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| polar molecules that are dissolved by water [water loving] |
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| nonpolar molecules that are not dissolved by water |
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| a substance [usually liquid]that can dissolve other substances. many hydrogen bonds pulls ions apart and keeps them dissolved |
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| a way to measure the energy of molecular motion. Molecules move faster as they absorb heat. |
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| conversion of a liquid to a gas by heat energy |
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| a measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a solution; the more the hydrogen ions, the lower the number. |
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| donate hydrogen ions in a water solution [pH below 7] |
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| accept hydrogen ions in a water solution [pH above 7] |
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| a compound that dissolves easily in water and releases ions other than H+ and OH- |
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| A set of chemicals [a weak acid or base and its salt] that can keep the pH of a solution stable. |
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| Most abundant elements in living things |
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| Simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and nucleotides |
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| the four major families of small building blocks |
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| small biological molecules |
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| atoms or groups of atoms covalently bonded to a carbon backbone; they convey distinct properties, such a solubility and chemical reactivity, to the complete molecule. |
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| specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules |
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| are a special class of proteins that mediate five categories of reactions. |
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| enzyme reaction that transfer from one molecule to another |
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| enzyme reaction where stripped from one molecule and given to another; |
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| enzyme reaction internal bonds converts one type of organic molecule to another; |
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| enzyme reaction changes two molecules into one; |
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| enzyme reaction one molecule into two; |
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| the number of elements that make up the human body? |
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| *Note* The behavior of elements, which make up all living things, starts with the structure of individual atoms. |
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discovered radioisotopes of uranium
in the late 1800's |
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| Examples of Trace elements |
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Definition
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| the number of electrons it has |
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Definition
| the atoms interaction with other atoms depends on...? |
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| the 6 main elements found in the human body: |
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| the surface temperature of water_____ during evaporation |
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| most abundant elements in living things |
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| simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides |
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Definition
| 4 major families of small building blocks. |
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| hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl. |
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Definition
| Common functional groups in biological molecules: [7] |
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| OH, Alcohols, Water Soluble |
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| CH3, Fatty Acids, Water insoluble. |
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| CHO, Sugars, Water soluble. |
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| COOH, Amino Acids [AA], Water soluble. |
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| PO4, Nucleotides, Water Soluble. |
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| SH, AA Cysteine, Stabilize protein. |
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| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
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| 4 main groups of organic compounds that sustain lifes properties [biological molecules] |
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| Enzymes have how many categories of reactions? |
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| One molecule is stripped of its H+, another is stripped of its OH-; the the 2 molecule fragments join to form a new compound and the H+ and OH- form water. |
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| the reverse of condensation; one molecule is split by the addition of H+ and OH- (from water) to components. |
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| one sugar unit, simplest carbohydrates. |
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| -water soluble, sweet taste, and have at least 2 OH groups and one aldehyde or ketone group |
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| [5 carbon backbone] are building blocks for nucleic acids |
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| 6 carbon back bone; used by cells as instant energy |
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| short chain carbohydrates |
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| oligosaccarides or dissacharides |
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| short chain of 2 or more sugar monomers |
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| Most plentiful sugar in nature [glucose+fructose] --> table sugar |
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| 6 carbon backbone [glucose] |
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| Same formula, yet atoms are arranged differently. [glucose & fructose] |
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| present in milk [glucose+ galactose] |
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| present in chocolate and beers [Malt sugar] |
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| polysaccharides, starch, cellulose,glycogen, and Chitin |
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Definition
| straight or branched chain of hundreds or thousands of sugar monomers. |
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| plant storage form of energy, arranged as unbranched coiled chains, easily hydrolyzed to glucose units [typical storage form of plants] |
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| fiberlike structural material--tough, insoluble-- used in plant cell walls. |
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| is a highly-branched chain used by animals to store energy in muscles and liver. [typical storage form in animals] |
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| is a specialized polysaccharide with nitrogen attached to glucose units; and used as a structural material in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. |
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Definition
| nonpolar hydrocarbons that do not dissolve in water |
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| have 1,2, or 3 fatty acids attached to 1 glycerol molecule. [make cell membranes, provides insulation] |
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Definition
| long, unbranched hydrocarbon with a COOH group at one end. |
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| fatty acids are liquids [oils] at room temp. because 1 or more double bonds between carbons in the tails permit "kinks" [come from plants] |
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Definition
| fatty acids that have only single carbon bonds in their tails and are solids at room temperature. [come from animals] |
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| the body's most abundant and richest source of energy and insulation [such as butter, lard, and oils] |
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Definition
| how many fa tails are attached to a molecule of glycerol? |
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| triglycerides yield more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates |
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Definition
| have a glycerol backbone, 2 fa, a phosphate group , and a small hydrophilic group. |
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Definition
| Long-chain FA attached to long-chain alcohols or C rings. |
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| all are firm and repel water; ex: plant, cuticles, bee honey combs, and animal coverings. |
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Definition
| have a backbone of 4 C rings, but no FA |
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Definition
| are found in cell membranes in all eukaryotes, and in animals are most common as cholesterol. |
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Definition
| can be modified to form sex hormones [testosterone and estrogen] bile salts and vitamin D |
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| [polymers] function as enzymes, in cell movements, as storage and transport agents, as hormones, as anti-disease agents, and as structural material throughout the body. *over 400 found in the body* |
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Definition
| [Monomers] small organic molecules with an amino group, an acid group, a hydrogen atom and an "R" group-- building blocks of proteins |
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Definition
| 20 different R groups determine the 20 naturally occurring amino acids |
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Definition
| the chain [polypeptide] of AA each linked together in a definite sequence by peptide bonds between an amino group of one unit and an acid group of another |
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Definition
| helical coil or sheetlike array into which polypeptide chain is formed by interaction of hydrogen bonds, which join the side groups of the amino acids [like old phone cords] |
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Definition
| result of interactions among R groups that produce a complex 3 dimensional shape such as is found in globular proteins. |
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| proteins found in hemoglobin [red blood cells] |
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| collagen-provides flexibility, structure, and plumpness to the cell. |
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Definition
| describes the complexing of 2 or more polypeptide chains. |
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Definition
| have side chains of oligosaccharides [sugar coating] |
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Definition
| bind and transport lipids |
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Definition
| is a highly organized protein consisting of 4 polypeptides, each with a heme group that can bind an oxygen molecule |
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Definition
| the 6th AA in a normal beta polypeptide chain, when a mutation does not occur and substitutes a valine |
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Definition
| Nucleotides--> monomers, Nucleic Acid--> polymers |
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Definition
| has a 5 carbon sugar [ribose or deoxyribose], a nitrogen-containing base [single or double ringed] and a phosphate group |
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Definition
| most common nucleotide; has 3 phosphate groups attached to its deoxyribose sugar. |
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Definition
| is a molecule that provides energy for cellular metabolism |
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Definition
| transport hydrogen atoms and electrons |
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Definition
| In nucleic acids, a covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next. |
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Definition
| is the double stranded; genetic messages are encoded in its base sequences: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine. |
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Definition
| is single stranded; it functions in assembly of proteins. |
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