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| A disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death. It was discovered in the late 19th century that this was caused by syphilis and therefore, that syphilis caused one form of insanity. |
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| The study of the unconscious. Pioneered by Breuer and Freud. |
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A process where behaviors that are followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated than behaviors followed by negative consequences.
Studied by E. L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner |
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| The study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior. Continues to have a major impact on many of the effective psychological treatments for disorders today. |
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| thought processes that influence behavior and emotion. This began to be the focus of psychologists in the 1950s, but wasn't a major focus of psychology until the 1970s. |
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People's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events are crucial in determining their well-being.
Major idea of Albert Bandura, a clinical psychologist in behaviorism. |
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| A new class of drugs discovered in the second half of the 20th century that can reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia. These drugs made it possible for many institutionalized people to be released, their symptoms reduced or gone. |
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| Patients's Rights Movement |
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| A movement that had emerged by 1960. Advocats argued that mental patients can recover more fully or live more satisfying lives if they are integrated into the community. |
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| Integration of mental patients into the community with the support of community-based treatment centers. The community health movemement, attempted to provide coordinated mental-health services to people through community centers. |
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| Consequences of Community Health Program |
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Without adequate funding, many patients found themselves living at group homes and nursing homes or with their families where they could not receive adequate treatment.
An estimated 1/3 to 1/2 of all homeless people have a mental disorder, a severe substance use disorder, or both.
An estimated 10-15% of people in prisons have a serious mental disorder. |
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The dominant means for organizing private insurance and health care.
Generally, a loose collection of methods for organizing health care that ranges from simple monitoring, to total control over what care can be provided and paid for.
This system solves some of the problems created by deinstitutionalization. |
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| Have an M.D. degree and have specialized training in the treatment of psychological problems. They can prescribe meds and have also been trained to conduct psychotherapies that involved talking about problems. |
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| Typically have a Ph.D. in psychology with a specialization in psychological problems. They can conduct psychotherapy, and in some states, have or are trying to achieve prescription privileges. |
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| Marriage and family therapists |
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| Specialize in helping families, couples, and children overcome problems interfering with their well-being. |
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| Have a master's degree in social work and often focus on helping people with psychological problems overcome the social conditions contributing to their problems, such as joblessness or homelessness. |
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| Have a degree in nursing, with a specialization in the treatment of people with severe psychological problems. Often work in inpatient psychiatric wards. Some have privileges to write prescriptions. |
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| Integrating the biological, psychological, and social theories of a given disorder to see how these factors interact and influence each other to produce and maintain mental-health problems. |
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