Term
| What type of tissue is blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main divisions of components in blood and what is the percentage of each? |
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Definition
| 55% plasma, 45% formed elements. |
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Term
| What are the functions of blood? |
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Definition
| Transport of gases/nutrients/wastes/heat/hormones, regulates pH/temperature/water content, prevents blood loss through clotting, immunity. |
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Term
| Is the viscosity of blood greater or lesser than water? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the temperature of blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the volume of blood in the average male and the average female? |
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Definition
| 5-6 L in average male, 4-5 L in average female. |
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Term
| Around how many platelets are there in blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how many white blood cells are there in blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how many red blood cells are there in blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of plasma? |
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Definition
| To link all other organ systems together. |
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Term
| What are the components of plasma? |
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Definition
| Water, proteins, nutrients, wastes, dissolved gases, electrolytes, and hormones/enzymes/vitamins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which formed elements of blood develop, blood cells formed in red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells, mature in bone marrow or lymphoid tissue. |
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Term
| Where is red bone marrow found and do you have more red bone marrow when you're young or old? |
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Definition
| Red bone marrow found in spongy bone, more red bone marrow when young. |
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Term
| Where do all blood cells develop from and what type do they come from? |
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Definition
| All blood cells develop from stem cells, specifically myeloid stem cells. |
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Term
| What growth factors control hematopoiesis and what do they do? |
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Definition
Erythropoietin: increases RBC precursors
Thrombopoietin: stimulates formation of platelets
Cytokines: stimulate WBC precursors |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurement of % RBC in whole blood. |
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Term
| What is the average hematocrit of normal females and normal males? |
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Definition
| 38-46% in females, 40-54% in males. |
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Term
| Why do males have a higher RBC %? |
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Definition
| Higher testosterone results in higher erythropoeitin production. |
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Term
| What is called when an individual has a low RBC % and under what % is it considered low? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when an individual has a high RBC % and over what % is it considered high? |
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Definition
| Polycythemia, higher than 65%. |
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Term
| What is the origin of a RBC? |
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Definition
| Pluripotent stem cell -> myeloid stem cell -> RBC |
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Term
| What is the histology(make-up) of a RBC? |
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Definition
| Biconcave disks, anucleate, generate ATP anaerobically, contain hemoglobin, 4 O2's can attach to 1 RBC, average diameter about 7-8 micrometers. |
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Term
| What are the functions of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| Transport O2 and CO2, regulate BP by releasing nitric oxide which causes vasodilation. |
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Term
| What is the life cycle of a RBC? |
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Definition
| 120 days, phagocytic WBCs will ingest the RBC and split the globin from the heme, amino acids from globin are recycled, iron from heme reclaimed, rest is excreted through digestive system. |
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Term
| What is jaundice and which age does it happen most in? |
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Definition
| Build-up of billirubin, often in babies. |
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Term
| What are the make-up of white blood cells and the different types and how much % are they each? |
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Definition
No hemoglobin, have nucleus, live several hours or days, some live for years (memory cells)
Granular WBCs are: neutrophils(60-70%), eosinophils(2-4%), basophils(0.5-1%)
Agranular WBCs are: lymphocytes(20-25%), monocytes(3-8%) |
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Term
| What is the condition of having too many WBCs? Too few? |
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Definition
| Leukocytosis is too many WBCs which is over 5,0000, leukopenia is too few WBCs which is under 5,000. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attraction by chemical gradients to injury or infection. |
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Term
| Why might the neutrophils leave the blood? |
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Definition
| To travel to site of infection. |
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Term
| Where do neutrophils originate and what is their histology and functions? |
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Definition
| Originate from myeloid stem cells, small lilac colored granules, 2-5 lobed nucleus, functions include being first responders to bacterial tissue destruction/phagocytosis/release pathogen killing chemicals. |
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Term
| What are the origins/histology/functions of eosinophils? |
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Definition
| Originate in myeloid stem cell, large/red-orange granules/2-3 nuclear lobes, combat histamine, phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, attacks parasitic worms. |
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Term
| What are the origins/histology/functions of basophils? |
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Definition
| Originate in myeloid stem cells, blue-purple granules, 2 lobe nucleus, functions in release of heparin/histamine/seratonin in allergic reactions, increases inflammatory reaction, similar functions as mast cells. |
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Term
| What are the origins/histology/functions of lymphocytes? |
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Definition
Originate in lymphoid stem cells, sky blue cytoplasm, round or indented nucleus.
Functions: B cells form plasma cells that produce antibodies, T cells destroy foreign cells directly, natural killer cells deal with bacteria and cancer cells. |
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Term
| What are the origins/histology/functions of monocytes? |
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Definition
| Originate in myeloid stem cells, blue-gray cytoplasm, kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus, functions include later arrival at infections than neutrophils/change into macrophages at infection site/phagocytosis. |
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Term
| What are the origins/histology/functions of platelets and how long do they live? |
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Definition
| Live 5-9 days, originate in myeloid stem cells, irregular disc-shaped, many vesicles, no nucleus, function in blood clotting. |
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Term
| What are the purposes and procceses of transfering stem cells from bone-marrow and cord-blood? |
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Definition
Bone-marrow: intravenous transfer of red bone marrow, purpose to establish normal hematopoeisis, defective red bone marrow is destroyed with radiation and/or chemotherapy, treats anemia/leukemia/cancer
Cord-blood transplant: remove stem cells from umbilical cord after birth and freeze until needed |
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Term
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Definition
| Stoppage of hemorrhage when blood vessels are damage or ruptured. |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of hemostasis? |
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Definition
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Blood clotting |
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Term
| What are the promoters and inhibitors of hemostasis? |
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Definition
Promoters: vitamin K, clotting factors
Inhibitors: heparin, prostacyclin |
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Term
| Describe stage 1 of hemostasis: vascular spasm. |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle contraction, constricts blood vessels. |
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Term
| Describe Stage 2 of hemostasis: platelet plug formation. |
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Definition
| Platelets change shape and release chemicals, process takes about 3-5 minutes. |
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Term
| Describe stage 3 of hemostasis: blood clotting. |
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Definition
| Blood clot is gel with fibrin fibers trapping formed elements, plugs hole, formation of prothrombinase which stimulates prothrombin which produces thrombin, thrombin and other factors stimulate fibrinogen to create fibrin which forms the threads of the clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consolidation/tightening of fibrin clot, as clot retracts it pulls edges of damaged vessel closer together, in time fibroblasts form connective tissue and new endothelial cells repair vessel lining. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activation of plasminogen to produce plasmin, plasmin can digest fibrin threads, dissolves small/innapropriate clots, dissolves clots once damage is repaired. |
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Term
| What are the different types of intravascular clotting? |
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Definition
Thrombosis: clotting in unbroken blood vessel
Thrombus: blood clot attached to vessel wall
Embolus: clot that detaches from vessel wall and travels through blood
Pulmonary embolism: embolus lodges in lungs |
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Term
| What are the phenotypes of type A/B/AB/O blood? |
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Definition
A: Ao or AA
B: Bo or BB
AB: AB
O: oo |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be Rh positive or negative, normally people are lacking Rh antibodies, if Rh- person receives Rh+ transfusions they will produce anti-Rh antibodies making subsequent transfusions dangerous. |
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Term
| What is hemolytic disease of the newborn? |
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Definition
| Mother makes anti-Rh antibodies if exposed to Rh+ blood, during development maternal antibodies will cross placenta and harm second Rh+ child destroying infant's RBCs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Injection of anti-Rh antibodies, antibodies bind with fetal blood cells in mother's blood which prevents activation of mother's immune system to produce antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced O2 carrying capacity of blood, generally caused by reduced RBC count or low hemoglobin levels, results in fatigue/intolerance of cold/pale |
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Term
| What is iron-deficient anemia? |
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Definition
| Nutritional, iron-deficient. |
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Term
| What is pernicious anemia? |
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Definition
| Inadequate hematopoiesis. |
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Term
| What is hemorrhagic anemia? |
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Definition
| Excessive bleeding from large wounds/ulcers/heavy menstruation. |
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Term
| What is hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
| RBCs rupture, releases hemoglobin. |
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Term
| What is thalassemia anemia? |
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Definition
| Inherited defective hemoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Destroyed red bone marrow from toxins/radiation/certain medications. |
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Term
| What is sickle cell disease? |
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Definition
| Autosomal recessive disorder, fault hemoglobin which leads to RBCs having rigid sickle shape, RBC life span only 10-20 days, treated by analgesics/fluids/oxygen/antibiotics/blood transfusions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inherited clotting deficiency, mild to severe depending on agents missing, hemophilia A most common type in males, treated with transfusions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignancy, uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes. |
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Term
| What is chronic leukemia? |
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Definition
| Mature leukocytes accumulate, cells do not die. |
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Term
| What is myelogenous leukemia? |
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Definition
| Uncontrolled production of myeloid stem cells. |
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Term
| What is lymphoblastic leukemia? |
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Definition
| Uncontrolled production of lymphoid stem cells. |
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Term
| What are treatments for leukemia? |
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Definition
| Anti-leukemia drugs, bone marrow transplants, chemotherapy, radiation, interferon. |
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Term
| What is acute normovolemic hemodilution? |
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Definition
| Removes blood before surgery and replaces with cell-free solution to maintain blood volume, once bleeding is controlled returns blood to body. |
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Term
| What is autologous preoperative transfusion? |
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Definition
| Donating own blood ahead of time to be used during elective surgery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facility for collection/storage of blood, research. |
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Term
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Definition
| Affects nail beds/mucous membranes, O2 depletion leading to lower hemoglobin which leads to purple/bluish color. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess iron deposits in tissues, bronze skin discoloration, cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technician who draws blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood poisoning from toxins or pathogenic bacteria in blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Very low platelet count, bleeding from capillaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharing of whole blood or parts from one person to another, most easily shared tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opening vein to remove blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood containing all formed elements and plasma in normal concentrations. |
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