Deforestation

p. 254

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Textbook Definition: The clearing away of forests.

Sentence: One result was deforstation, or the destruction of forests.

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Agrarian

p. 256

PRICETAGS=ICES

Textbook Definition: A person who favors an agricultural way of life and government policies that support agricultural interests. 
Sentence: Most white southernors were agrarians who favored a way of life based on farming.

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Plantation

p. 256

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Textbook Definition: A large area of privately owned land where crops were grown through the labor of workers, usually slaves , who lived on the land.

Sentence: This was especially true of rich plantation owners, who did not have to do the hard work of growing crops themselves.

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Cotton Gin

p. 256

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Textbook Definition: A hand-operated machine that cleans seeds and other unwanted material from cotton.

Sentence: Whitney's "cotton engine," called the cotton gin for short, was a simple machine that used rotating combs to seperate cotton fiber from its seeds.

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Industrial Revolution

p. 257

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Textbook Definition: The dramatic change in economies brought about by the use of machines to do work formerly done by hand. 
Sentence: The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 1700s and spread to America and the rest of Europe.

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Industrialist

p. 257

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Textbook Definition: A person whose wealth comes from the ownership of industrial businesses and who favors government policies that support industry.
 Sentence: It created a new class of wealthy industrialists who owned large factories and other businesses based on machines.

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Immigirant

p. 266

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Textbook Definition: A person who moves from one country to another.

Sentence: Between 1845 and 1860, four million immigrants-most of them from Ireland and Germany -swelled the North's growing population.

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Cash Crop

p. 38, 255

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Textbook Definition: Crops such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit.

Sentence: Here, the ships were loaded with tobacco or other cash crops for sale in the Carribean or Europe.

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Eli Whitney 

p. 256 & 258

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Textbook Definition: In 1793, a young Yale graduate named Eli Whitney took a job tutoring children on a Georgia plantation.

Sentence: Meanwhile, the inventive Eli Whitney showed manufacturers how they could assemble products even more cheaply by making them from identical , interchangeable parts.
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Tredegear Iron Works

p. 261

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Textbook Definition: Southernors were proud of the fact that the iron rails for many of their section's railroads came from Virginia's Tredegar Iron Works. 

Sentence: The Tredegar Iron Works was built in the South.

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Francis Cabot Lowell

p. 258

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Textbook Definition: In 1810, Francis Cabot Lowell, a failing businessman from Boston, visited England.

Sentence: By 1815, he and his partners had built the first American textile factory, along the Merrimack River.

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Lowell Girls

p. 258

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Textbook Definition: To run his machinery, Lowell hired young farmwomen, called the "Lowell Girls."

Sentence: The "Lowell Girls" toiled 12 to 15 hours each day , with only Sundays off.

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Elias Howe

p. 258

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Textbook Definition: When Elias Howe developed the sewing machine, for example, skilled seamstresses could not compete.

Sentence: When Elias Howe developed the sewing machine, some people took jobs in garment factories, but they earned earned less money working the sewing machine than they had sewing by hand.

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Cyrus McCormick

p. 259

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Textbook Definition: In 1831, Cyrus McCormick built a working model of "a right smart" machine called a reaper.

Sentence: In 1847, McCormick built a reaper factory in Chicago.

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Reaper

p. 259

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Textbook Definition: The reaper could cut 28 times more grain than a single man using a scythe.

Sentence: The reaper was invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831.
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National Road

p. 259

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Textbook Definition: In 1806, Congress funded the construction of a National Road across the Appalachian Mountains.
 Sentence: With its smooth gravel surface, the National Road was a joy to travel.

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Robert Fulton

p. 260

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Textbook Definition: In 1807, Robert Fulton showed that streamboats were practical by racing the Streamboat Clermont upstream on New York's Hudson River.

Sentence:Said Fulton, "I overtook many boats and passed them as if they had been at anchor."
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Streamboat

p. 256

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Textbook Definition: In 1807, Robert Fulton showed that streamboats were practical by racing the Streamboat Clermont upstream on New York's Hudson River.

Sentence:By the 1820s, smoke-belching streamboats were chugging up and down major rivers and across the Great Lakes.
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Clermont

p. 260

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Textbook Definition: In 1807, Robert Fulton showed that streamboats were practical by racing the Streamboat Clermont upstream on New York's Hudson River.

Sentence: While on the Clermont, Futlton felt that he was passing everyone as if they were at anchor.

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Erie Canal

p. 260

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Textbook Definition: The Erie Canal provided the first all-water link between farms on the Central Plains and East Coast cities.

Sentence: The Erie Canal was so successful that other cities built canals as wells.

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Clipper Ship

p. 260

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Textbook Definition: In the 1840's clipper ships were introduced that cut ocean travel time in half.

Sentence: The clipper ships spurred northern trade with foreign ports around the world.

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Factory System

p. 257-259

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Textbook Definition: The factories system was very important to the North.
 Sentence:  The factory system was important to the growth of industry.

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Capitalist

pp. 178 &257-259

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Textbook Definition: An economic system based on the private ownership of farms and businesses.

Sentence: Lowell's mill was a example of capitalsit.

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Interchangeable Parts

p. 258

PRICETAGS=ICEs

Textbook Definition:Meanwhile, the inventive Eli Whitney showed manufacturers how they could assemble products even more cheaply by making them from identical, interchangeable parts.
 Sentence: New inventions and manufacturing methods made goods cheaper and more plentiful like interchangeable parts.
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Urbanization

p. 265

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Textbook Definition:For the urbanization of the South, most people were neither wealthy nor powerful.
 Sentence: Northernors believed that by hard work, ordinary people could aquire wealth and influence.
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Alexis de Toqueville

p. 175, 177, 182, 183

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Textbook Definition: A French nobleman who toured the United States in 1831 and 1832.

Sentence: His election to Congress from Tennessee horrifies Alexis de Toqueville.

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