Term
| 2 major defenses that protect a person against diseases and other problems when the body is invaded my organisms |
|
Definition
| Inflammation and immunity |
|
|
Term
| When all the different parts and functions of inflammation and immunity are working well |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some body defenses that prevent organisms from gaining access to the internal environment |
|
Definition
- intact skin & mucous membranes
- skin surface normal flora
- natural chemicals that inhibit bacterial growth
|
|
|
Term
| 3 ways human need for protection is met by inflammation and immunity response |
|
Definition
- Neutralizing
- Eliminating
- Destroying organisms that invade internal environment
|
|
|
Term
| Non-self proteins and cells |
|
Definition
- infected body cells
- cancer cells
- all invading cells and organisms
|
|
|
Term
| The ability to recognize self vs non-self proteins and cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each cell is surrounded by a _______ with different proteins protruding through the membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unique proteins, found on the surface of all body cells of a specific person, serve this function for that particular person |
|
Definition
| "universal product code" or "cellular fingerprint" |
|
|
Term
| non-self cells; proteins capable of stimulating an immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Determine the tissue type of a person; the "cellular fingerprints" of an individual |
|
Definition
| Human Leukocyte antigens (HLAs) |
|
|
Term
| A set of genes that determine HLAs of a person |
|
Definition
| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
|
|
Term
| Humans have about ___ major HLAs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factor that determines the specific antigens that any person has |
|
Definition
| which MHC gene alleles were inherited from his or her parents |
|
|
Term
| Key for recognition and self-tolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 factors that affect immune function |
|
Definition
- nutritional status
- environmental conditions
- presence of disease
- medications
- age
|
|
|
Term
| Place where most immune system cells are developed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immature, undifferentiated cells produced by the bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of cells that have flexible outcomes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific chemicals that direct stem cells toward a maturational pathway for growth and function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protect the body from the effects of invasion by organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune system cells, the knight and soldiers protecting the castle inhabitants after invaders get through the castle wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 actions of leukocytes that provide protection |
|
Definition
- Recognition of self vs non-self cells
- Destruction of foreign invaders, cellular debris, and unhealthy or abnormal self cells
- Antibody production
- Complement activation
- Cytokine production that stimulate increased formation of leukocytes in bone marrow and increase specific leukocyte activity
|
|
|
Term
| 3 processes needed for human protection through immunity |
|
Definition
- Inflammation
- Antibody-mediated immunity (AMI)
- Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
|
|
|
Term
| Full immunity provided by all 3 processes needed for human protection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonspecific ingestion & phagocytosis of microorganisms and foreign protein |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils (Inflammation) |
|
|
Term
| Nonspecific recognition of foreign proteins and microbes; ingestion and phagocytosis |
|
Definition
| Macrophages (Inflammation) |
|
|
Term
| Destruction of bacteria and cellular debris; matures into macrophage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weak phagocytic action; releases vasoactive amines during allergic reactions |
|
Definition
| Eosinophil (Inflammation) |
|
|
Term
| Releases histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Becomes sensitized to foreign cells and proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secretes immunoglobulins in response to the presence of a specific antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Remains sensitized to a specific antigen and can secrete increased amounts of immunoglobulins specific to the antigen on re-exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enhances immune activity through secretion of various factors, cytokines, and lymphokines |
|
Definition
| T-lymphocyte helper/inducer T-cell (CMI) |
|
|
Term
| Selectively attacks and destroys non-self cells, including virally infected cells, grafts and transplanted organs |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic/Cytolytic T-Cells (CMI) |
|
|
Term
| Non-selectively attacks non-self cells, especially body cells that have undergone mutation and become malignant; also attacks grafts and transplanted organs |
|
Definition
| Natural Killer (NK) cells (CMI) |
|
|
Term
| Provides immediate protection against the effects of tissue injury and invading foreign proteins |
|
Definition
| Inflammation or Natural Immunity |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways that inflammation differs from AMI and CMI |
|
Definition
- Immediate, but short-term response; doesn't provide true immunity on repeated exposure to the same organism
- Inflammation is non-specific body defense to invasion or injury
|
|
|
Term
| How widespread the symptoms of inflammation are depends on these factors |
|
Definition
- intensity
- severity
- duration
|
|
|
Term
| ____ is usually accompanied by _______; however, _____ can occur without ______ |
|
Definition
| Infection; inflammation; inflammation; infection |
|
|
Term
| Make up btw 55% and 70% of total WBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Come from the stem cells and complete the maturation process in the bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for Neutrophil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Segmented neutrophils ("segs") or polymorphonuclear cells ("polys", PMNs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| band neutrophils ("bands" or "stabs") |
|
|
Term
| Growth of a stem cell into a mature neutrophil requires ___ days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than ___ fresh, mature neutrophils are released from bone marrow into the circulation daily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils destroy invaders by these means |
|
Definition
| Phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion |
|
|
Term
| Reason each neutrophil can take part in only one episode of phagocytosis before supplies are exhausted |
|
Definition
| small energy supply and no way of replenishing it or it's enzymes used in phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| The only stage of neutrophil capable of phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The % and actual number of mature circulating neutrophils used to measure a patient's risk for infection |
|
Definition
| Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) or absolute/total granulocyte count |
|
|
Term
| Indicates that bone marrow cannot produce enough mature neutrophils to keep pace with the continuing infection and is releasing immature neutrophils into the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reason bandemia is of no benefit during immune response |
|
Definition
| Bands are not capable of phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| Come from the committed myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow and form the mononuclear-phagocyte system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where monocytes mature into macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main organs that contain large numbers of macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific functions of macrophages |
|
Definition
- phagocytosis
- repair
- antigen presenting/processing
- secretion of cytokines to help control immune system
|
|
|
Term
| Reason macrophages can take part in many phagocytic events |
|
Definition
| long life span and ability to renew energy supplies and enzymes needed to degrade foreign proteins |
|
|
Term
| Come form myeloid stem cells; 1% of circulating WBCs; cause manifestations of inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granules of basophils contain these chemicals that act on blood vessels (vasoactive amines) |
|
Definition
- Heparin
- Histamine
- Serotonin
- Kinins
- Leukotrienes
|
|
|
Term
| Action of heparin released by basophils |
|
Definition
| inhibits blood and protein clotting |
|
|
Term
| Action of Histamine released from Basophils |
|
Definition
| Constricts small veins and respiratory smooth muscles, inhibiting blood flow and decreasing venous return as well as narrowing airways and restricting breathing...causes blood to collect in capillaries and arterioles |
|
|
Term
| Action Kinins released from Basophils |
|
Definition
| dilate arterioles and increase capillary permeability |
|
|
Term
| Actions of chemicals released from granules of Basophils |
|
Definition
| Blood plasma to leak into the interstitial space (Vascular leak syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| Blood plasma leaking into interstitial space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Come from myeloid line; contain many vasoactive chemicals; 1-2% of total WBCs; increases during allergic response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Act against infestations of parasitic larvae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Degrade the vasoactive chemicals released by other leukocytes and can limit inflammatory rxs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The engulfing and destruction of invaders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 cells most efficient at phagocytosis |
|
Definition
| neutrophils and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Phagocytosis is triggered by these events |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- exposure/invasion
- attraction
- adherence
- recognition
- cellular ingestion
- phagosome formation
- degradation
|
|
|
Term
| Can occur only when the WBC comes into direct contact with the target |
|
Definition
| Adherence; 2nd step of phagocystosis |
|
|
Term
| Substances that attract neutrophils and macrophages during phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secrete chemotaxins and release debris that can combine with the surface of invading foreign proteins |
|
Definition
| Damaged tissues and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Substances that increase contact of the cell with its target by coating the target cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The binding/sticking of phagocytic cell to surface of target |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances that act as opsonins |
|
Definition
- particles from dead neutrophils
- antibodies
- activated (fixated) complement components
|
|
|
Term
| Part of opsonization and help with adherence by surrounding an antigen and "fixing" or sticking to the antigen |
|
Definition
| Complement activation and fixation |
|
|
Term
| There are __ different types of inactive complement proteins in the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How complement fixation occurs |
|
Definition
| quickly as a cascade or chain reaction |
|
|
Term
| Occurs when the phagocytic cell sticks to the surface of the target cell and "recognizes" it as non-self |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recognition of non-self cells is made easier by these components on the target cell surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Needed because phagocytic destruction occurs inside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The phagocytic cell bends its membrane around to enclose (engulf) the target cell and forms this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when the phagocyte's granules are inside the vacuole; granules break and release enzymes that attack the ingested target |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The target is digested and broken into smaller pieces until only small particles of debris remain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 cardinal manifestations of inflammation |
|
Definition
- Warmth
- redness
- swelling
- pain
- decreased function
|
|
|
Term
| The vascular part of the inflammatory response in which injured tissues and the leukocytes in this area secrete histamine, serotonin, and kinins that constrict the small veins and dilate the arterioles in the area of injury |
|
Definition
| Stage I of inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| Cardinal manifestations that occur during stage I of the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
| redness and warmth of tissues; increases delivery of nutrients to injured tissues |
|
|
Term
| Increase in blood flow to the area of injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillary leak causes these reponses |
|
Definition
| swelling (edema) and pain |
|
|
Term
| Protects the area from further injury by creating a cushion of fluid. The extra fluid can dilute any toxins or organisms that have entered the area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Duration of Stage I inflammatory responses |
|
Definition
| 24-72 hours, depending on the severity of the initiating event |
|
|
Term
| The major cell involved in stage I of the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secreted by tissue macrophages to enhance the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cytokine that triggers bone marrow to shorten the length of time to produce WBCs from 14 days to a matter of hours |
|
Definition
| Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| The cellular exudate part of the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increased number of circulating neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most active cell in Stage II of the inflammatory response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exudate containing dead WBCs, necrotic tissue, and fluids that escape from damaged cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophil count can increased up to five times within 12 hrs after the onset of inflammation under the influence of these cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils attack and destroy organisms and remove dead tissue through ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increases inflammatory response during Stage II |
|
Definition
| Arachidonic acid (AA) cascade |
|
|
Term
| An enzyme that converts AA into many chemicals that are further processed into the substances that continue the inflammatory response in the tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Products of cyclooxygenase conversion of AA |
|
Definition
- histamine
- leukotrienes
- prostaglandins
- serotonin
- kinins
|
|
|
Term
| Reduction of mature neutrophils limits the helpful effects of inflammation and increases the risk for ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Features tissue repair and replacement; begins at the time of injury and is critical to the final function of the inflamed area |
|
Definition
| Stage III of inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| Trigger of new blood vessel growth and scar formation by WBCs in tissues that cannot divide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is lost wherever damaged tissues are replaced with scar tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scars serves only as a _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long-lasting immune actions develop through: |
|
Definition
| antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) |
|
|
Term
| Another name for antibody-mediated immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involves antigen-antibody interactions to neutralize, eliminate, or destroy foreign proteins |
|
Definition
| Antibody-mediated immunity (AMI or humoral immunity) |
|
|
Term
| Product of B-lymphocytes (B-cells) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main purpose of B-cells |
|
Definition
| to become sensitized to a specific foreign protein (antigen) and to produce antibodies directed specifically against that protein |
|
|
Term
| Have the most direct role in AMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Work with B-cells to start and complete antigen-antibody interactions |
|
Definition
| macrophages and T-lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| The primary lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where maturation of lymphocyte stem cells is completed |
|
Definition
| secondary lymphoid tissues |
|
|
Term
| Secondary lymphoid tissues |
|
Definition
- spleen
- parts of lymph nodes
- tonsils
- mucosa of intestinal tract
|
|
|
Term
| Seven special actions that take place when a person is exposed to an antigen |
|
Definition
- Exposure (invasion)
- Antigen recognition
- Lymphocyte sensitization
- Antibody production and release
- Antigen-antibody binding
- Antigen-antibody reactions
- sustained immunity (memory)
|
|
|
Term
| Needed because antibody actions occur inside the body or on a few body surfaces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsensitized B-cells must first recognize antigen as non-self |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recognition is started by the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occurs when the B-cell recognizes the antigen as non-self and is now "sensitized" to the antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of antigens a B-cell can be sensitized to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In AMI, attachment does not result in phagocytosis, instead the _____ presents the attached antigen to the ____ |
|
Definition
| macrophage presents to T-cells |
|
|
Term
| After sensitization, the B-cell divides and forms these 2 types of B-lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| plasma cells and memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are produced by these cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| allow the antibodies to search out specific antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When fully stimulated, each plasma cell can make as many as ____ molecules of antibody per second |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibody molecules made by plasma cells are released into the blood and other body fluids as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each free antibody molecule remains in the blood for ___days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reason antibody-mediated immunity is sometimes called humoral immunity |
|
Definition
| the antibody is in body fluids (or body "humors") and is separate from the B-cells |
|
|
Term
| Needed for anti-antigen actions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2 tips of the antibody molecule that can either bind to two separate antigens or to two areas of the same antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stem of the antibody that can bind to these specific receptor sites on WBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibody-antigen bindings results in these reactions |
|
Definition
| neutralization, elimination, or destroying of the antigen |
|
|
Term
| Triggered by binding of antibody to antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- agglutination
- lysis
- complement fixation
- precipitation
- inactivation/neutralization
|
|
|
Term
| Clumping action that results from the antibody linking antigens together, forming large and small immune complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Slows the movement of the antigen through the body fluids, increases the changes of the complex being attached by other WBC via the irregular shape of the antigen-antibody complex |
|
Definition
| Defensive effects of agglutination |
|
|
Term
| Cell membrane destruction that occurs because of antibody binding to membrane-bound antigens of some invaders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actual binding of antibody to membrane-bound antigens during cell lysis makes ____ in the invader's membrane, weakening the invader |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lysis usually requires that _____ be activated and "fixed" to the immune complex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The non-self cells that are damaged most through lysis caused by the binding of antibody to antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| actions triggered by some classes of antibodies that can removes or destroy antigen |
|
Definition
| complement activation and fixation |
|
|
Term
| 2 classes of antibody that can activate the complement system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibody molecules bind so much antigen that large, insoluble, antigen-antibody complexes are formed. Complexes cannot stay in suspension in the blood so they form this, which can be acted on and removed by neutrophils and macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of making an antigen harmless without destroying it |
|
Definition
| Inactivation (Neutralization) |
|
|
Term
| The _____ site causes the harmful effects of an antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provides individuals with long-lasting immunity to a specific antigen |
|
Definition
| sustained immunity (memory) |
|
|
Term
| Results from memory B-cells made during the lymphocytes sensitization stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability of memory cells to respond on re-exposure to the same antigen that originally sensitized the B-cells allows this rapid and large immune response to the antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a protein that is globular rather than straight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibodies that are globular proteins that provide immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies are given this name because all free antibodies in the plasma separate out in the gamma fraction of plasma proteins during electrophoresis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Newly sensitized B-cell produces the ___ antibody type against the antigen on first exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms itself into a five-member group |
|
|
Term
| On re-exposure to the same antigen, the already sensitized B-cell makes large amounts to the ___ type of antibody against that antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 broad categories of immunity |
|
Definition
| Innate-native immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity |
|
|
Term
| any natural protective feature of a person that cannot be developed or transferred from one person to another and is not an adaptive response to exposure or invasion by foreign proteins |
|
Definition
| Innate-native (natural) immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inflammatory response
- skin
- mucosa
- antimicrobial chemicals on skin
- complement
- NK cells
|
|
|
Term
The immunity that a person's body learns to make (or can receive) as an adaptive response to invasion by organisms or foreign proteins; can be active or passive
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs when antigens enter the body and the body responds by making specific antibodies against the antigen; can occur under natural or artificial conditions |
|
Definition
| Active Immunity (adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| Occurs when an antigen enters the body without human assistance and the body responds by actively making antibodies against the antigen |
|
Definition
| Natural active immunity (Adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| The type of immunity that is the most effective and the longest lasting because re-exposure will NOT cause illness |
|
Definition
| Natural active immunity (adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| The protection developed by vaccination or immunization and is used to prevent infections or illnesses that have serious consequences that avoiding the disease altogether is most desirable |
|
Definition
| Artificial active immunity (adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| antigens specially processed to make them less likely to grow in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs when antibodies against an antigen are in a person's body but were not created there; theses antibodies are transferred to the person's body after being made in the body of another person or animal |
|
Definition
| Passive Immunity (Adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| Reason passive immunity provides only immediate, short-term protection against a specific antigen |
|
Definition
| The antibodies are recognized as non-self and eliminated quickly because they are foreign to the receiving person |
|
|
Term
| Occurs when antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus via the placenta or to the infant through colostrum and breast milk |
|
Definition
| Natural Passive Immunity (Adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| Involves injecting a person with antibodies that were produced in another person or animal; expected to inactivate the antigen; may be used to prevent disease or death; temporary lasting only days to weeks |
|
Definition
| Artificial passive immunity (Adaptive) |
|
|
Term
| Immunity is provided by lymphocytes stem cells that mature in the secondary lymphoid tissues of the thymus and pericortical areas of lymph nodes |
|
Definition
| Cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity) |
|
|
Term
| WBCs with the most important roles in CMI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than ___ different T-cell proteins have been identified, and __ of these are common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How each T-cell subset can be identified |
|
Definition
| by its reaction to the commercial antibodies |
|
|
Term
| All mature T-cells contain these proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 T-lymphocyte subsets important for development and continuation of CMI |
|
Definition
- Helper/inducer T-cells
- Suppressor T-cells
- Cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells
|
|
|
Term
| Not a true T-cell, but contributes to CMI |
|
Definition
| Natural Killer (NK) cells (CD16+-cells) |
|
|
Term
| Have T4 protein on their membranes |
|
Definition
| Helper/Inducer T-cells (T4+cells or Th-cells) |
|
|
Term
| Most correct name for helper/inducer T-cells |
|
Definition
| CD4+ (Cluster of differentiation 4) |
|
|
Term
| Secrete lymphokines in response to the recognition of non-self cells that can enhance the activity of other WBCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increase bone marrow production of stem cells and speed up their maturation |
|
Definition
| Lymphokines secreted by helper/inducer T-cells |
|
|
Term
| Have the T8-lymphocyte antigen on their membrane surfaces |
|
Definition
| Suppressor T-cells (T8+ cells, CD8 + cells, or Ts cells) |
|
|
Term
| Help regulate CMI and prevent hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibit both growth and activation of immune system cells |
|
Definition
| Lymphokines secreted by suppressor T-cells |
|
|
Term
| The balance between helper/inducer T-cell activity and suppressor T-cell activity |
|
Definition
| Ratio of 2:1 (Helper to suppressor) |
|
|
Term
| Have T8 protein present on surfaces; subset of suppressor cells; destroy cells that contain a processed antigen's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells (Tc-cells) |
|
|
Term
| Tc-cells are most effect against self-cells infected by: |
|
Definition
| parasites (i.e. viruses or protozoa) |
|
|
Term
| Process of cell lysis by the Tc-cells |
|
Definition
- Tc-cells bind to infected cell's MHC complex
- Tc-cell makes holes in infected cell's membrane and delivers "lethal hit" of enzymes
- Infected cell lyses and dies
|
|
|
Term
| Have direct cytotoxic effects on some non-self cells without first being sensitized; independent of interactions of other WBCs; conduct "seek and destroy" missions |
|
Definition
| Natural Killer Cells (CD16+-cells) |
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Term
| non-self cells most often harmed by NK cells |
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Definition
| cancer and virally infected body cells |
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Term
| CMI regulates the immune system by the production and activity of this protein |
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Definition
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Term
| Small protein hormones produced by the many WBCs and other tissues that help regulate CMI |
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Definition
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Term
| cytokines made by the macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytokines produced by T-cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Act like "messengers" that tell specific cells how and when to respond |
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Definition
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Term
| The cells that change their activity when a cytokine is present are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Effects are widespread within the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- interleukins
- interferons
- colony-stimulating factors (CSF)
- tumor necrosis factor
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Term
| The largest group of cytokines |
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Definition
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Term
| Responsible for rejection of tissue grafts and transplanted organs |
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Definition
| NK and cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells |
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Term
| begins immediately on transplantation and is an antibody-mediated response |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of rejection that occurs most often in kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients at greatest risk for hyperacute rejection |
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Definition
- received donated orrgans of an ABO blood type different from their own
- received multiple blood transfusions at any time before transplantation
- hx of multiple pregnancies
- received a previous transplant
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Term
| Manifestations of hyperacute Rejection |
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Definition
- present within minutes of attachment to blood supply
- process cannot be stopped once it has started
- rejected organ must be removed immediately
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Term
| Occurs within 1-3 months after transplantation |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 mechanisms responsible for acute rejection of transplantation |
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Definition
- antibody mediated, resulting in vasculitis within the transplanted organ (blood vessel necrosis, rather than occlusion, leads to organ destruction
- Cellular, host cytotoxic/cytolytic T-cells and NK cells enter transplanted organ through blood, penetrate organ cells, start inflammatory reaction, and cause organ cell lysis
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Term
| Diagnosis of acute rejection of transplantation |
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Definition
| laboratory tests and biopsy |
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Term
| Episode does not mean that patient will lose new organ |
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Definition
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Term
| Similar to chronic inflammation and scarring |
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Definition
| Chronic rejection of transplantation |
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Term
| the major cause of death in patients who have survived 1 or more years after heart transplantation |
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Definition
| Accelerated graft atherosclerosis (AGA) --form of chronic rejection |
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Term
| Reason there is no cure of chronic graft rejection |
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Definition
| fibrotic changes are permanent; only recourse is retransplantation |
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Term
| contributes to most rejection processes |
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Definition
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Term
| the continuous immune suppression used after a solid organ transplant |
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Definition
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Term
| Routine immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation |
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Definition
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Term
| Maintenance and rescue therapy (acute rejection) |
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Definition
| Tacrolimus FK506 (Prograf) |
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Term
| Induces general immunosuppression |
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Definition
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Term
| Given before transplant surgery and a few days thereafter to bind to antibodies and reduce T-cell growth and activation |
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Definition
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Term
| An antibody used to prevent T-cell activities |
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Definition
| Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3) |
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Term
| Drug that should not be given with grapejuice |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibody (or group of antibodies) produced in an animal after the animal has be exposed to human lymphocytes |
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Definition
| Antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) |
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