Term
| What type of leadership existed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s? |
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Definition
| (Brezhnev)
The leadership kept tight control. Political dissent was not tolerated. Censors determined what could be published. Freedom of speech and freedom of worship were restricted. |
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Term
| Why did the Politburo select Gorbachev over as the next Soviet leader? |
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Definition
| He was younger; he had both energy and political skills. |
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Term
| What was Gorbachev's background? |
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Definition
| Both of his grandfathers had been arrested during Stalin’s purges. He had worked on a state farm and then studied law. He eventually joined the Communist party and became a government official. He later became general secretary of the Communist Party. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glasnost was the policy known as openness. |
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Term
| Why did Gorbachev introduce glasnost? |
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Definition
| He thought glasnost was necessary to provide a free flow of ideas and information which would allow economic and social reforms. |
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Term
| What were the results of glasnost? |
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Definition
| It brought lots of changes: churches were opened, dissidents were let out of prison, more books were published, reporters could investigate problems and criticize officials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perestroika was economic restructuring. |
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Term
| Why did Gorbachev introduce perestroika? |
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Definition
| He was trying to revive the Soviet economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| He wanted to make the command economy more efficient and productive; he did not want to get rid of it. |
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Term
| What was involved in Gorbachev's "democratization" plan of 1987? |
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Definition
| He wanted to open up the Soviet political system. Voters would have more choices in selecting members of a new legislative body. |
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Term
| How did foreign policy change under Gorbachev? |
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Definition
| He realized that the Soviet economy could not afford the costly arms race and became focused on arms control. |
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Term
| How many different ethnic groups lived in the Soviet Union? |
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Definition
| More than 100 ethnic groups lived in the Soviet Union. |
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Term
| What did Lithuania declare in March of 1990? |
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Definition
| Lithuania declared its independence. |
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Term
| How did Gorbachev respond? |
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Definition
| He sent in Soviet troops. |
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Term
|
Definition
| He was afraid that other republics might try to secede from the Soviet Union. |
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Term
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Definition
| He was a member of parliament and the former mayor of Moscow. |
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Term
| How did he gain popularity? |
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Definition
| He criticized the “crackdown” in Lithuania and the “slow pace of reforms.” |
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Term
| To what office was Yeltsin elected in June of 1991? |
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Definition
| He became the Russian Federation’s first directly elected president. |
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Term
| Who was the "common" enemy shared by Gorbachev and Yeltsin? |
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Definition
| the old guard of Communist officials |
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Term
| Why was this group furious? |
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Definition
| They were losing their power and privileges. |
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Term
| What happened during the August (1991)coup? |
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Definition
| The “hardliners” detained Gorbachev at his vacation home on the Black Sea. |
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Term
| How did the coup affect the breakup of the Soviet Union? |
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Definition
| It sparked anger against the Communist Party and it collapsed. Republics, first Estonia and Latvia, declared their independence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the Commonwealth of Independent States, a loose federation of former Soviet territories |
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Term
| What happened to Gorbachev with the collapse of the Communist Party and of the Soviet Union? |
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Definition
| He resigned his position from a country which no longer existed. |
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Term
| Why did Yeltsin then become the "most powerful figure in the CIS"? |
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Definition
| He led the largest republic, the Russian Federation. And, he was viewed as a “hero” of the August Coup. |
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Term
| What kinds of problems did Yeltsin face? |
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Definition
| an “ailing” economy, strong political opposition, an unpopular war |
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Term
| What was the purpose of "shock therapy"? |
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Definition
| an abrupt shift to a market economy |
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Term
| What were the effects of "shock therapy"? |
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Definition
| high prices, increased inflation, lots of unemployment |
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Term
| 1. Which Eastern European countries first embraced the "spirit of change"? How? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. In what way did the Polish government respond to Solidarity? What was the public response? How did the government respond then? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. What was significant about Polish elections in 1989 and 1990? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. What happened in the Polish elections in 1995? Why? |
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Definition
(NOTE: Kwasniewski was re-elected to a second five-year term in October of 2000. Then, Lech Kaczynski was elected president in 2005. He was killed in a plane crash in April 2010.) Chief of state: President Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (since 6 August 2010)
Head of government: Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November 2007) |
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Term
| 5. What changes happened in Hungary? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. Who was Erich Honecker? |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. How did East Germans get to West Germany? |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. What was the response of the East German government? |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. How did the people of East Germany respond? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Why did Honecker resign? |
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Definition
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Term
| 11. What action was taken by Egon Krenz? What was the result? |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. What was the fear of a reunited Germany? |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. What was the official date for German reunification? |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. What challenges did Germany face under Schroeder's leadership? |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. What was the result of massive demonstrations in Prague in October and November, 1989? |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. Why did Czechoslovakia break into two parts? |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. Who became the president of the new Czech Republic? |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. What happened in Romania? |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. What was the fate of Ceausescu and his wife? |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. What led to conflict in Yugoslavia?
(Be sure to look over the map on page 623.) |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. Which two republics first declared independence? When? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. What were the results in both situations? |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. What happened in Bosnia-Herzegovina? Why? |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. What was the purpose of "ethnic cleansing"? |
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Definition
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Term
| 25. What was the international response to this conflict? |
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Definition
| (NOTE: Kostunica became the new leader of the former Yugoslavia in 2000; he was elected prime minister in March 2004. Bosnia-Herzegovina is governed by the Dayton Agreement and has rotating leadership. Milosevic, on trial on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity, died in prison in March 2006.) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 27. What has led to conflict there? |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. Identify the following terms and names: Solidarity, Lech Walesa, reunification, ethnic cleansing. |
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Definition
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