Term
| What does the science of psychology deal with? |
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Definition
| Only with empirical evidence |
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Term
| What is empirical evidence? |
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Definition
evidence capable of being observed, directly or indirectly
-aesthetics, moral issues, and the metaphysical science does not deal with empiral evidence |
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Term
| What are the goals of psychology? |
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Definition
1. Describe
2. Explain
3. Predit
4. Influence |
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Term
| What is the difference between science and common sense? |
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Definition
-science uses objective data, common sense uses subjective data
-Science uses systematic observation common sense uses hit or miss observation
-Science relies on evidence, common sense ignores couterevidence and is often swayed by belief |
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Term
| What is wrong with belief that is not backed by science? |
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Definition
1. you can believe anything you want, sensible or not
2. stating a belief is really just telling people about yourself
3. you cannot make anyone believe anything |
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Term
| What 3 things does science do? |
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Definition
1. avoids biases and errors of common sense
2. relies only on evidence
3. deals only with empircal issues |
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Term
| What types of reasoning does science use? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is deductive reasoning? |
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Definition
-Deriving truths inherent in other truths using logic
-Requires true premises
-Can prove things |
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Term
| What is inductive reasoning? |
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Definition
-Extrapolating from data based on current experience
-Probabilistic: Provides evidence to support things, never proves them |
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Term
| How does using science prove things? |
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Definition
-Science is empirical
-Empirical knowledge is inductive
-Induction doesn’t prove things
Ergo, Science doesn’t prove things |
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Term
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Definition
| - An explanation for data |
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Term
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Definition
Quality of the data – use scientific method
-How well the theory fits the data |
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Term
| How do you make a theory go away? |
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Definition
| By replacing the theory with a better theory |
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Term
| What 3 research methods are useds to test a theory? |
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Definition
1.Observational studies
2. experiments
3. experiments of nature |
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Term
| What is observation studies with regards to research? |
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Definition
-Observe X and Y in their natural setting
-Use correlation (how well two values go together) to see what goes together
-Directionality(spanking kids make them more aggressive or does aggressive kids need more spankings):
Does AB, or B?
-Third Variables (ice cream sales and infant mortality rates): |
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Term
| What are experiments with regards to research? |
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Definition
-Manipulate one or more independent variables (two random groups of kids, half playing a violent video game, other half playing non violent)
-Look for changes in dependent variables
-Random Assignment (equals out the third variable)
-Causal claims possible (since eliminated third variable and directionality) |
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Term
| What are experiments of nature with regards to research? |
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Definition
-Collect data before possible causal event
-Collect data afterward, see if other variables affected
-Allows gross causal claims
-There are 3 methods |
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Term
| What are the 3 developmental methods used in experiments of nature? |
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Definition
1.Longitudinal Methods - across time, can be costly
2. Cross Sectional Methods - shor cutting, may suffer from cohort effects
3.Combination Methods-start with a range of age groups
-follow them longitudinally to fill in the age gaps |
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