Term
| What does the cardiovascular system include? |
|
Definition
| A fluid, a series of conducting tubes that distribute the fluid throughout the body and a pump that keeps the fluid in motion. |
|
|
Term
| What is blood? What is it's function? |
|
Definition
| The fluid of the cardiovascular system. It distributes materials (like nutrients, assists in temperature regulation and helps in defense against disease. |
|
|
Term
| What are blood vessels? How many types are there? |
|
Definition
| The conduction tubes that distribute the blood. 3. |
|
|
Term
| What are arteries? What color are they on a diagram? What kind of blood do they carry? |
|
Definition
| They carry blood AWAY from the heart to the capillaries and are usually red. They carry oxygenated blood. |
|
|
Term
| What are capillaries? They permit diffusion between _____ & ______? |
|
Definition
| The smallest, most abundant blood vessel. They permit diffusion between the blood stream and interstitial fluids. |
|
|
Term
| What are veins? What color are they on a diagram? What kind of blood do they carry? |
|
Definition
| They return bloods from the capillaries TO the heart and are usually blue. They carry deoxygenated blood. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pump that keeps the fluid in motion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of arteries, veins and lymph vessels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 functions of blood? |
|
Definition
1.)Transportation of gases, nutrients...
2.)Regulation of pH and ion comp in interstitial fluids.
3.)Restriction of fluid losses.
4.)Defense against toxins and pathogens.
5.)Stabilization of body temperature. |
|
|
Term
| Blood is a liquid _______ tissue which constitutes ___% of human body mass. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood is _____ times more viscous than water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the texture of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The salt concentration of blood is ___ - ____%. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the temperature of blood compared to the body? |
|
Definition
| Slightly above normal body temp. 100.4F/38C |
|
|
Term
| What is the range of pH of blood? |
|
Definition
| 7.35-7.45 - VERY NARROW WINDOW. |
|
|
Term
| What is the range of blood volumes of men and women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whole blood is a _____geneous mixture of non-living matrix material called _____ and three formed elements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is plasma composed of? |
|
Definition
| Water, plasma proteins and other dissolved solutes. |
|
|
Term
| Of whole blood, what percentage is plasma? What percentage is formed elements? |
|
Definition
Plasma - 46-63%
Elements - 37-54% |
|
|
Term
| How much of plasma is made of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are plasma proteins in solution or do they form insoluble fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What prevents plasma proteins from leaving the blood stream? |
|
Definition
| Their large size and globular shape. |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of albumins makes up plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of globulins make up plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of globulins? |
|
Definition
| Important in attacking pathogens and transport. |
|
|
Term
| What are fibrinogens and what percentage makes up plasma proteins? |
|
Definition
| They are a clotting protein that accounts for 4%. |
|
|
Term
| What are dissolved solutes and what percentage makes up plasma? |
|
Definition
| Their values vary but are usually around 1%. |
|
|
Term
| What are electrolytes vital for? Ex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are organic nutrients used for? Ex? |
|
Definition
| ATP production, growth and maintanence of cells. Lipids, carbs, amino acids. |
|
|
Term
| What are organic wastes? Ex? |
|
Definition
| Waste products that are carried to sites of breakdown or excretion. Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin. |
|
|
Term
| What are formed elements? |
|
Definition
| Blood cells and cell fragments suspended within the blood plasma. 99% red blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are erythrocytes and their functions? |
|
Definition
| Red blood cells, most abundant blood cells. Transport oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| What are leukocytes and their functions? |
|
Definition
| White blood cells. Defense mechanism. Divided into 5 different classes. |
|
|
Term
| What are thrombocytes and their functions? |
|
Definition
| Platelets. Not true cells but membrane-bound cellular fragments. Contain enzymes & shit that are important in blood clotting. |
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many RBC are in a cubic millimeter of blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nuclei does a RBC contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are RBC flexible or stiff? Why? |
|
Definition
| Flexible. Contain protein spectrin that allows them to pass through tiny capillaries. |
|
|
Term
| What is a rouleaux? What does this allow? |
|
Definition
| The stacks the RBC's form to fit through tiny capillaries that allows for the ease of flow. |
|
|
Term
| Why are RBC incapable of performing metabolism? |
|
Definition
| They lack a nucleus thus organelles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A transport protein responsible of bonding/transport of O2, pigment, and respiratory protein. |
|
|
Term
| How many hemeoglobin molecules does a RBC contain? |
|
Definition
| 200-300 million g/deciliter |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range of hemeoglobin in men and women? |
|
Definition
Men: 14-18 g/dl
Women: 12-16 g/dl |
|
|
Term
| What level of structure does hemeoglobin demonstrate? |
|
Definition
Quaternary.
2 alpha polypeptide chains.
2 beta polypeptide chains.
^ Indicate secondary structure of globin. |
|
|
Term
| What is in the middle of each polypeptide chain? |
|
Definition
| An iron containing heme group. |
|
|
Term
| How many molecules of oxygen can the iron of each heme bind? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is heme called when bound to oxygen and what color is it? |
|
Definition
| Oxygemoglobin. Bright red. Arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is heme called when it is not bound to oxygen and what color is it? |
|
Definition
| Deoxyhemoglobin. Dark red. Veins |
|
|
Term
| How many hemes are in a hemeoglobin molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many RBC does the body produce a second? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are dying RBC phagocytized? |
|
Definition
| The liver, spleen, and bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
| What happens once a RBC is phagocytized? |
|
Definition
| Cell ruptures, hemeoglobin is released. They are then broken down into globin (then amino acids) and heme (then iron and biliverdin). |
|
|
Term
| Once heme is broken down into iron and biliverdin/globin into amino acids what happens? |
|
Definition
| The amino acids are recycled and used to make more hemeoglobin. The iron from heme is transported to the liver by transferrin. The biliverdin is then converted to bilirubin (yellow) and processed in liver which makes up bile. IN the large intestine bilirubin is converted to urobilins (yellow) and sterobilins (brown). |
|
|
Term
| What happens if there is abnormal breakdown of bilirubin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a decreased number of RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of bone marrow to function caused by ionizing radiation, drugs, antibiotics, bacterial toxins, poison. |
|
|
Term
| What is hemorrhagic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| An increase in the rate of destruction of RBC. HEMOLYSIS. |
|
|
Term
| What causes decreased hemoglobin levels? |
|
Definition
| An iron deficiency which causes microcytes to be created instead of erythrocytes. Pernicious anemia which is a lack of B12 or intrinsic factor for B12 absorption. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetically inherited abnormal hemoglobin sythesis. Problem w/ sequence of amino acids. Mediterranean people. |
|
|
Term
| What is Sickle Cell Anemia? |
|
Definition
| Genetically inherited abnormal hemoglobin synthesis. Of 146 amino acids, #6 is incorrect which causes all the structures to be incorrect which causes the half-moon shape of the affected's red blood cells. Oxygen is unable to bond thus deeming it nonfunctioning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excess red blood cells because more viscous and flows sluggishly. |
|
|
Term
| What is primary polycythemia? |
|
Definition
| Often results from bone marrow cancer. |
|
|
Term
| What is secondary polycythemia? |
|
Definition
| Results from low oxygen concentrations such as high altitudes, lung disease or smoking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Percent of RBC in whole blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the average hematocrit levels in men and women? |
|
Definition
Males - 47% +/- 5
Women - 42% +/- 5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is blood typing based on? |
|
Definition
| The presence of specific antigens (agglutinogens) found on the surface of RBC and the presence of specific antibodies (agglutinins) in the plasma/serum. |
|
|
Term
| What antigen/antibody does A blood posses? |
|
Definition
Antigen - A
Antibody - anti-B |
|
|
Term
| What antigen/antibody does B blood posses? |
|
Definition
Antigen - B
Antibody - anti-A |
|
|
Term
| What antigen/antibody does AB blood posses? |
|
Definition
Antigen - BOTH A & B
Antibody - NONE |
|
|
Term
| What antigen/antibody does O blood posses? |
|
Definition
Antigen - NONE
Antibody - Both anti-A and anti-B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Named after Rhesus monkey. |
|
|
Term
| If you have the D-antigen you are.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you do NOT have the D-antigen you are... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hemolytic disease of the newborn? |
|
Definition
| Only affects 2nd+ pregnancies. Mother is Rh - and baby is Rh +. During first birth, potential of baby's blood to mix with mom's causing her to create the D-antibody which would attack her subsequent pregnancies blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is the solution to HDNB? |
|
Definition
| Rho-gam shot at 26-28 weeks of pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| What blood can type A receive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood can type B receive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood can type AB receive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood can type O receive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type is the universal donor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type is the universal recipient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are WBC more numerous or less numerous than RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do WBC perform a metabolism? |
|
Definition
| YES! Have a nucleus + organelles. |
|
|
Term
| How do they leave circulation? Why would they want to do that? |
|
Definition
| Diapedisis - ameboid movements. They are attracted to potential infections and possible injuries by POSITIVE chemotaxis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of WBC? |
|
Definition
| Granulocytes and Agranulocytes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of Granulocytes? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils. |
|
|
Term
| How big are neutrophils and what percentage do they make up of all leukocytes? What does their nucleus look like? What is their function? |
|
Definition
| They are twice the size of an erythrocyte. Make up 50-70%. Multilobed. Phagocytize bacteria and fungi. Defensins. |
|
|
Term
| How big are eosinophils and what percentage do they make up of all leukocytes? What does their nucleus look like? What is their function? |
|
Definition
| Same size as neutrophils. 2-4%. Bi-lobed nucleus. Reduce inflammation, phagocytic. |
|
|
Term
| How big are basophils and what percentage do they make up of all leukocytes? What does their nucleus look like? What is their function? |
|
Definition
| Same size but have big ass granules. Less than 1%. Nucleus is U shaped/difficult to see. Involved in inflammatory response by the release of histamine and heparin. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of Agranulocytes? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes and monocytes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of Lymphocytes nucleus and what is their function? What is their percentage? |
|
Definition
| Dark, spherical shaped nucleus. T-cells attack virus-infected body cells and B-cells produce antibody secreting cells. 20-30%. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of monocytes? What is the shape of their nucleus? What percentage? |
|
Definition
| Roaming macrophages. Kidney-bean shaped nucleus. 2-8%. |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of most to least of WBC? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocyes
Eosinophils
Basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally low WBC count commonly induced by drugs, glucocorticoids, and anti-cancer agents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in WBC count indicating an infection/homeostatic imbalance. >11,000 |
|
|
Term
| What is infectious mononucleosis? |
|
Definition
| "Kissing disease" caused by epstein-barr virus that results in atypical agranulocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cancerous condition of WBC. Immature WBC in body. |
|
|
Term
| What is acute vs chronic leukemia? |
|
Definition
Acute - quick advancing cancer derived from lymphoblasts. Quickly causes death.
Chronic - slow advancing cancer derived from late stages of myeloblasts. Slowly causes death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of a thrombocyte? |
|
Definition
| Less than half the size of a RBC. |
|
|
Term
| _____ most numerous of the three formed elemtents. (250,000 - _______) |
|
Definition
| Second. 400,000 per mm^3. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No. Fragments of megakaryocytes. |
|
|
Term
| What chemical is responsible for the production of platelets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of a platelet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of blood clotting? |
|
Definition
1.)Vascular
2.)Platelet
3.)Coagulation |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the vascular phase? |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle contraction/spasm to vasoconstrict blood vessels to reduce blood flow to injured area which is stimulated by endothelin. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the platelet phase? |
|
Definition
| Platelets aggregate and stick to exposed collagen fibers. Enhanced by the adenosine diphosphate, platelet factors, PDGF and calcium ions. SANDBAGS. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the coagulation phase? |
|
Definition
| The formation of a clot which involves two chemical pathways (intrinsic/extrinsic). |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways? |
|
Definition
Extrinsic - faster, major damage has occured outside blood vessel. Stimulated by Tissue Factor secreted by tissues.
Intrinsic - Slower. Minor damage inside of blood vessel, all 13 steps. Stimulated by Platelet factor 3. |
|
|
Term
| What is the common phase between the two pathways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three subsequent steps that both pathways follow? |
|
Definition
11.)Prothrombinase is released.
12.)Prothrombinase activates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
13.)Thrombin activates the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during clot retraction? |
|
Definition
| Platelets contract to pull on the surrouding fibrin strands compacting the clot and encouraging blood vessel healing. SYNERESIS. |
|
|
Term
| What does PDGF stimulate? |
|
Definition
| Cell division of smooth muscle and connective tissue to rebuild the wall of the vessel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fibrin strands are broken by PLASMIN. |
|
|
Term
| After the last three steps... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A thrombus that is freely floating the blood stream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to clot because of missing clotting factor. Sex-linked inheritance. |
|
|
Term
| What is thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| Low numbers of circulating platelets causing spontaneous bleeding. |
|
|
Term
| What causes impaired liver function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation? |
|
Definition
| Widespread clot formation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the production of red blood cells in red bone marrow or flat bones and proximal limb bones. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three phases of the production of RBC? |
|
Definition
| 1. Ribosome Synthesis --> Early erythroblasts --> Late erythroblasts 2.Hemoglobin accumulation --> Late erythroblast --> Normoblast 3.Ejection of Nucleus --> Reticulocyte --> Erythrocyte |
|
|
Term
| What chemical regulates erythropoesis? |
|
Definition
| Erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidneys when RBC low, reduced oxygen (hypoxia), insufficient hemoglobin amounts, when blood flow to the kidneys is compromised. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the production of WBC that occurs in the red bone marrow but initiated by various cytokines released when there is an infection. |
|
|
Term
| What is the process from a hemocytoblast to a lymphocyte/monocyte/all 3 phils. |
|
Definition
Lymphoid stem cell --> lymphocyte
Myeloid stem cell --> myeloblasts/monoblasts
myeloblasts --> neutro/eosino/basophils
monoblasts --> monocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of platelets in the red bone marrow initiated by thrombopoetin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemocytoblast --> Myeloid Stem Cell --> Megakaryocytes --> PLatelets |
|
|
Term
| LOOK AT DIAGRAMS IN YOUR NOTES THAT YOU DREW. THEY ARE DELIGHTFULLY ACCURATE AND MAKE MORE SENSE THAN THIS BULLSHIT. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica interna? What is the main tissue type? What else is it called? |
|
Definition
| The innermost layer of a vessel wall. Simple squamous epithelium/endothelium. AKA Internal elastic membrane. INTIMA. |
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica media? What is the main tissue type? What else is it called? |
|
Definition
| The middle layer which functions in vasodilation/constriction. Smooth muscle & elastin fibers. External elastic membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What is the tunica externa? What is the main tissue type? What else is it called? |
|
Definition
| Outermost layer. Connective tissue - collagen fibers. Anchor, protect, prevent over stretching. |
|
|
Term
| What is an elastic artery? Where is it found? What are some characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Conducting vessel. Near the heart can withstand highest blood pressure. Diameter = 2.5 - 1 cm. Forms holey sheet like swiss cheese. Little ability to vasoconstrict. LEAST AMOUNT. |
|
|
Term
| What is a muscular artery? Where is it found? What are some characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Distribution vessels. Delivers blood to specific body organs. Diameter = 1 cm - .3 mm. Very active in vasoconstriction less distensible. |
|
|
Term
| What is an ateriole? Where is it found? What are some characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Regulate blood flow into the capillaries. Diameter = .3 mm - 10 micrometers. LARGEST AMOUNT. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connect arteries to veins and are the site of nutrient and waste exchange. |
|
|
Term
| Capillaries are the _____ of all blood vessels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillaries are composed of a single layer of _____ ______ and a ______ ______. |
|
Definition
| Squamous epithelium and basale lamina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Star shaped cells that keep capillares from rupturing. |
|
|
Term
| What is a continuous capillary? What is its main tissue? Where is it found? |
|
Definition
| Posses an uninterrupted layer of squamous cells connected by tight junctions with few clefts. Found in the skin, skeletal muscle, and brain tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What is a fenestrated capillary? What is its main tissuer? Where is it found? |
|
Definition
| Where large proteins can move unlike in continuous. Have many pores/fenestrations. Common in areas of digestion/filtration. |
|
|
Term
| What are sinusoidal capillaries? What is its main tissue? Where is it found? |
|
Definition
| Leaky capillaries. Few tight junctions and lots of clefts. Found in places where things need to leave like bone marrow, liver, lymph organs. Have Kupffer cells that are in the liver. Macrophages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microcirculation. Network of vessels. |
|
|
Term
| What are collateral arteries? |
|
Definition
| More than one artery feeds into a capillary bed. These are back up arteries incase the regular is backed up. |
|
|
Term
| What are true capillaries? |
|
Definition
| WHere exchange occurs. there are 10-100 in each bed. |
|
|
Term
| What are precapillary sphincters? |
|
Definition
| Circular muscles which open and close to allow blow to flow into the true capillary vessels or to bypass them. Base of where arteriole feeds into bed. |
|
|
Term
| What is a metarteriole/thoroughfare channel? |
|
Definition
| A vascular SHUNT. These are vessels that allow the blood to bypass the true capillaries and be redirected to the tissues that need an increased blood supply. |
|
|
Term
| Which does an innactive tissue use? |
|
Definition
| Metarteriole because it does not need the maximum exchange. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the venous system transport blood? And what kind of blood are they transferring? |
|
Definition
| TOWARDS the heart. Deoxygenated. |
|
|
Term
| What do valves prevent? What happens if a valve fails? what are they made of? |
|
Definition
| A backflow of blood. Blood will pool abnormally causing a varicose vein. TUnica interna. |
|
|
Term
| Veins serve as ____ _____ and _____% of blood total volume is in the veins at any time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of veins? |
|
Definition
| Venules, medium-sized veins, large veins. |
|
|
Term
| What are venules? What are some characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Drain capillary beds into veins. Extremley porous so closer to capillaries than veins. Posses only endothelium and pericytes. 50 micrometers in size. |
|
|
Term
| What are medium-sized veins? What are some characteristics? |
|
Definition
| Range from 2-9 mm in diamter. Media = thin. Smooth muscle and collagen. |
|
|
Term
| What are large veins and what are some characterstics? |
|
Definition
| INclude the superior and inferior venae cavae and their tributaries. |
|
|
Term
| Large veins that are flattened with extremely thin walls are... |
|
Definition
| venous sinuses found around the heart (coronary sinus) and the brain (dural). |
|
|
