Term
Re-purposed Aquatic Features
(3) |
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Definition
Swim bladder to air filled cavities connected to pharynx
Chemoreceptors to paired internal nares
Boney fins to other bony elements |
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Term
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Definition
Access to unoccupied niches and resources
Lower predation pressure
Variety of habitats allowed for adaptations |
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Term
New Physiological Requirements
(3) |
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Definition
Oxygen is 20x richer in air than water (Inc. vascularization & double circulation)
Air is 1000x less dense than water (skeleton & muscles develop to support more weight)
Temperatures fluctuate more readily in air (behavioral & physiological strategies evolve) |
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Term
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Definition
Dehydration risk
Dealing with nitrogenous waste
Problems w/ external fertilization |
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Term
Early Terrestrial Vertebrates
(2) |
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Definition
Transition fossils between lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods
Had lungs, muscular limbs, and skeletal support system |
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Term
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Definition
Permian Extinction 250 m.y.a
Anthropocene Extinction 11,000 y.a. to present |
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Term
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Definition
168 species extinct since 1980
Global Amphibian Assessment 2004
1/3 of all species are threatened |
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Term
Causes of Amphibian Crisis
(7) |
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Definition
Chytridiomycosis
Climate change
Pesticides
Pollution
UV Radiation
Invasive Species
Habitat Destruction |
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Term
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Definition
3 orders of extant amphibians
Diversified in the Carboniferous 300 m.y.a. |
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Term
Subclass Lissamphibia Orders
(3) |
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Definition
Gymnophiona (Caecilians)
Urodela (Salamanders and Newts)
Anura (Frogs and Toads) |
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Term
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Definition
Forelimb usually w/ four digits
Three chambered heart w/ double circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin is thin and prone to desiccation |
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Term
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Definition
| Body temperature depends on environment |
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Term
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Definition
Caecilians
Snake-like, limbless, burrowing habit
Tropical forests in South America, Africa, India, Southeast Asia
Have many vertebrate, long ribs, and terminal anus
Feed primarily on worms and small soil invertebrates
Fertilization is internal
Parental care of eggs and viviparity in some species |
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Term
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Definition
Salamanders
Primarily in northern temperate regions
Limbs usually at right angles to trunk
Fore and hind limbs about equal length
Feed on worms, small arthropods, and molluscs
Some species have aquatic larvae
Paedomorphosis (adults retain larval characters) |
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Term
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Definition
Frogs and toads
Cosmopolitan distribution except subarctic and polar regions
Dates from Triassic period 250 m.y.a.
All have a tailed larval stage and predacious tailless, jumping adults
Head and trunk are fused
10th vertebrate highly modified |
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Term
Order Anura Reproduction
(9) |
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Definition
Sexually mature at 3 years
Male clasps female, eggs fertilized as shed
Eggs surrounded by jelly coats
Cleavage
Embryo nourished by yolk
Tadpole begins feeding on algea
Skinfold grows over external gill, water exits through spiracle
Hindlimbs, then forelimbs emerge
Tail shortens by reabsorption, metamorphosis nearing completion |
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Term
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Definition
Family Ranidae (common larger frogs in North America)
Family Hylidae (tree frogs)
Family Bufonidae (true toads- short legs, stout bodies, thick skins, prominent warts) |
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