Term
| What is a conscious or unconscious awareness of internal or external stimuli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the path of sensation in the CNS, and does the level of awareness decrease or increase as you get closer to the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| Spinal corde to lower brain stem to thalamus to cerebral cortex, increases. |
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Term
| What are the two modalities of sensation? |
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Definition
| Special senses and general senses. |
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Term
| What are some special senses? |
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Definition
| Smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium. |
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Term
| What are the two general senses? |
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Definition
| Somatic(body) and visceral(internal organs). |
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Term
| Describe the process of sensation in regard to the 4 steps and what is involved. |
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Definition
1.) Stimulation: within receptor's sensory field
2.) Transduction: stimulus converted into graded potential
3.) Conduction: threshold stimulus triggers nerve impulse in 1st order neuron
4.) Integration: conscious sensations processed in cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Where are exteroceptors located and what are they more sensitive to? |
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Definition
| Near the body's surface, sensitive to external stimuli, deal with hearing/vision/smell/taste/touch/pressure/vibration/temp./pain. |
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Term
| Where are interoceptors located and what are their functions and are they subconscious or conscious? |
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Definition
| Located in blood vessels/internal organs/muscles/nervous system, monitor internal environment, subconscious. |
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Term
| Where are proprioceptors located and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Located in muscles/tendons/joints/inner ear, function in body position/muscle tension/joint position. |
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Term
| What stimuli do mechanoreceptors deal with? |
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Definition
| Pressure or stretching, also touch/vibration/proprioception/hearing/equilibrium. |
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Term
| What stimuli do thermoreceptors deal with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stimuli do nociceptors deal with? |
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Definition
| Physical/chemical damage to tissue. |
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Term
| What stimuli do chemoreceptors deal with? |
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Definition
| Chemicals in mouth (taste), nose (smell), body fluids (O2, glucose) |
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Term
| What is the definition of adaptation in sensory receptors? |
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Definition
| Generator potential or receptor potential decreases in magnitude during continuous stimulation. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of slow adaptation? |
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Definition
| Monitors pain, blood chemistry, body position. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of rapid adaptation? |
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Definition
| To signal changes in stiumulus such as pressure, touch, smell. |
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Term
| What are cutaneous receptors? |
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Definition
| Sensory receptors associated with skin. |
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Term
| What are some tactile sensations? |
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Definition
| Touch, pressure, vibration, itching, tickling. |
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Term
| What are 4 somatic sensations? |
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Definition
| Tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioception. |
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Term
| What are two rapidly adapting touch receptors and what are they associated with? |
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Definition
| Meissner corpuscles which deal with discriminative touch, and hair root plexuses which detect hair shaft movement. |
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Term
| What are two slowly adapting touch receptors and what are they associated with? |
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Definition
| Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors which deal with the fingertips/lips/external genitals/hands, and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors which deal with the deep dermis/ligaments/tendons/soles of feet. |
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Term
| What is the definition of pressure in regards to anatomy? |
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Definition
| Sustained sensation felt over larger area than touch. |
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Term
| What are examples of pressure receptors? |
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Definition
| Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors, Meissner corpuscles, and pacinian corpuscles which are found in the subcutaneous/dermis/submucosa/joints/tendons/muscles/periosteum/mammary glands/external genitals. |
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Term
| What is vibration in regards to anatomy and what are examples of vibration receptors? |
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Definition
| Detection of rapidly reptitive tactiles sensations, corpuscles of touch and lamellated corpuscles. |
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Term
| What does an itch deal with and what is it stimulated by? |
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Definition
| Free nerve endings, stimulated by chemicals like bradykinin. |
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Term
| What does tickling deal with and what is a receptor associated with it? |
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Definition
| Free nerve endings, lamellated corpuscles. |
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Term
| What are the two thermal sensations and what areas of the skin are they associated with? |
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Definition
| Cold which is associated with stratum basale of epidermis and has a range of 50-105°F, and warm which is associated with the dermis and has a range of 90-118°F. |
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Term
| At what temperatures are the nociceptors stimulated? |
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Definition
| Below 50°F and above 118°F. |
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Term
| What are the receptor type, distribution, and stimuli associated with pain sensations? |
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Definition
| Free nerve endings (specifically nociceptors), found throughout body except brain, stimulate intense thermal/intense mechanical/intense chemical. |
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Term
| What are examples of organ level stimuli in regards to pain sensations? |
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Definition
| Excessive distension or stretching, prolonged muscular contractions, muscle spasms, ischemia. |
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Term
| Does the body adapt well to pain and is it very selective to pain? |
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Definition
| No it does not, and no not very. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid perception, shar or pricking pain, localized, not felt in deeper tissues of body, e.g. knife cut/needle puncture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceived 1-2 seconds after stimulus, gradually increases in intensity, can occur in skin or in deeper tissues/internal organs, e.g. burning/aching/throbbing. |
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Term
| What are 3 more types of pain? Explain. |
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Definition
| Superficial somatic pain deals with skin receptors, deep somatic pain deals with skeletal muscles/joints/tendons/fascia, visceral pain deals with nociceptors in visceral organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain is felt in superficial region but correlates to visceral trauma of organ, organ involved and area of pain usually served by same nerve of spinal chord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Itching/pressure/tingling/pain in area where limb was amputated, brain interprets messages from sensory neurons as belonging to missing limb. |
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Term
| What are the 4 levels of anesthesia? |
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Definition
1. Sensory block of afferent impulses
2. Motor block of efferent impulses
3. Reflex block (respiratory, cardiovascular, GI)
4. Mental block (sleep, unconsciousness) |
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Term
| What are examples of analgesic drugs and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Aspirin/ibuprofen/NSAIDs, block prostaglandin formation which blocks nociceptor stimulation. |
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Term
| What are examples of local anesthetics and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Novocaine, block nerve impulses by first-order pain fibers. |
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Term
| What are examples of opiate drugs and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Morphine/codeine/heroin, alter quality of pain perception in brain, pain still senses but not as noxious. |
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Term
| What are the general functions of proprioceptive sensations? Are they slow or fast adapting? What are the different types? |
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Definition
| Perceptions of body movements and orientation, slow, muscle spindles/tendon organs/joint kinesthetic receptors/hair cells. |
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Term
| Describe muscle spindles. |
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Definition
| In all skeletal muscles except middle ear, monitor changes in length of skeletal muscles, play role in stretch reflex preventing over-stretching of muscles, slow adaptation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found at junctions of tendons and muscles, respond to increased tension in tendon, tendon reflex prevents excessive tension on tendons and muscles, slow adaptation. |
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Term
| Describe join kinesthetic receptors. |
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Definition
| In and around synovial join capsules, free nerve endings, rapid adaptation. |
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Term
| What is the progression of the somatic sensory pathways? |
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Definition
First-order neurons: from somatic sensors to brain stem or spinal cord
Second-order neurons: from spinal cord or brainstem to thalamus (decussates)
Third-order neurons: from thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex |
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Term
| What is the progression of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway? |
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Definition
First-order neuron: to medulla oblongata
Second-order neuron: to thalamus (dessucates)
Third-order neuron: from thalamus to primary somatosensory area (cerbral cortex) |
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Term
| What sensations does the medial lemniscus pathway deal with? |
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Definition
| Refined sensations such as: discriminative touch (which part of body is touched/shape/size/texture), sterognosis (shape/size/texture, e.g. braille), proprioception (awareness of precise location of body parts), kinesthesia (awareness of diretions of movement), weight discrimination (assess weight of object), vibratory sensations (vibrations due to rapidly fluctuating touch stimuli) |
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Term
| What are the neurons associated with the anterolateral pathway (spinothalamic)? |
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Definition
First-order neuron: receptor to gray matter in spinal cord
Second-order neuron: gray matter spinal cord (decussates) to thalamus
Third-order neuron: thalamus to primary somatosensory area |
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Term
| What are some anterior tract sensations of the anterolateral pathway? |
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Definition
| Tickling, itching, crude touch, pressure, vibrations. |
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Term
| What are some lateral tract sensations of the anterolateral pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| What information do the spinocerebllar tracts send to the cerebellum? |
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Definition
| Proprioceptive information. |
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Term
| Of the spinocerebellar tracts describe the neuron pathway and sensations of the posterior tract. |
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Definition
First-order neuron: receptor to second-order
Second-order neuron: body in spinal cord, terminates at cerebellum
Sensations include equilibrium, posture, and coordination. |
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Term
| Of the spinocerebellar tracts what is the neuron pathway and sensations of the anterior tract? |
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Definition
First-order neuron: receptor to second-order neuron outisde spinal cord
Second-order neuron: outside spinal cord to cerebellum
Sensations include posture, balance, and skilled movements. |
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Term
| What is another word for the neuron pathways in the direct motor pathways of the somatic motor pathways? Where do these pathways originate? What impulse is relayed by these pathways? |
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Definition
| Pyramidal pathways. Cerebrum. Impulse from upper motor neuron to interneuron to lower motor neuron. |
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Term
| What tracts are invovled in the direct motor pathways of the somatic motor pathways? |
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Definition
| Lateral corticospinal tract which includes skilled movements of limbs/hands/feet. Anterior corticospinal tract which includes the neck and trunk. Corticobulbar tract which includes precise voluntary movement of eye/tongue/neck/chewing/facial expression/speech. |
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Term
| Describe the neuron pathways of indirect motor pathways of the somatic motor pathways. |
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Definition
| They are also called extrapyramidal pathways, include all somatic motor tracts other than corticospinal and corticobulbar, complex polysynaptic paths. |
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Term
| What tracts are involved with the indirect motor pathways of the somatic motor pathways? |
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Definition
| Rubrospinal tract which includes precise movement of limbs/hands/feet, tectospinal tract which includes head and eyes in response to visual stimuli, vestibulospinal tract which includes head movements/balance/posture, lateral reticulospinal tract which includes increasing flexor reflexes/decreasing extensor reflexes/decreasing muscle tone in axial and proximal parts of limbs, medial reticulospinal tract which includes the opposite of the lateral mentioned above. |
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Term
| What is flaccid paralysis? |
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Definition
| Damage to lower muscle neurons which leads to no muscle tone/no voluntary movement/damage on same side. |
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Term
| What is spastic paralysis? |
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Definition
| Damage to upper motor neurons which leads to exaggerated reflexes on opposite side/Babinski sign. |
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Term
| What are the roles of the basal ganglia in motor responses? |
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Definition
| Connections to many other parts of the brain, functions include sensory/motor/programming habitual or automatic movements/establishing normal muscle tone. |
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Term
| What does the cerebellum have to do with modulation of movement? |
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Definition
| Monitors intentions for movement and actual movements, provides correction feedback. |
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Term
| What is the reticular activating system's roles in wakefulness and sleep? |
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Definition
| Increasing cortical activity, is directly from thalamus, required for arousal, pain/touch/bright lights/sounds can activate RAS. |
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Term
| Why might people wake up before alarm goes off? |
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Definition
| Studies show adrenocorticotropin levels are increased 1.5 hours prior to when people expect to be awake, purpose is to prepare for stress of waking up. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of sleep? What are chemicals involved in sleeping? |
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Definition
| To replenish brain chemicals/nutrients, adenosine inhibits RAS, melatonin secreted in dark to maintain drowsiness. |
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Term
| What is the role of caffeine? |
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Definition
| Vasoconstrictor that can relieve vascular headache, inhibit actions of adenosine which means RAS not inhibited as much making us less drowsy. |
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Term
| What are the two types of sleep? |
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Definition
| Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of NREM and how long does it take to go the full cycle? |
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Definition
1 hour to go from stage 1 to stage 4.
Stage 1: transitional, 1-7 mins, relaxed/eyes open/fleeting thoughts
Stage 2: first stage of true sleep, slow eye movement, dream fragments
Stage 3: temperature/BP decreases, difficult to awaken, 20 mins after falling asleep
Stage 4: deepest level of sleep, sleepwalking, decrease brain metabolism, most reflexes still intact |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-5 episodes of REM sleep in 7-8 hour sleep period, occur about every 90 mins, eyes move back and forth rapidly under closed eyelids, REM 1 last 10-20 mins but later REMs last longer maxing at about 50 mins, total REM = 1.5-2 hours, dreaming, skeletal muscle paralysis, infants and children have more REM than adults. |
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Term
| What is plasticity in relation to memory? |
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Definition
| Ability of the nervous system to change in response to learning, areas that are used a lot are enlarged, emotional control is least plastic. |
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Term
| When do the earliest memories develop? |
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Definition
| When the hippocampus matures. |
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Term
| What are functions of the prefrontal cortex? |
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Definition
| Social judgements, weighing alternatives, plan for the future, hold behavior in check. |
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Term
| What is short-term memory? |
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Definition
| Temporary ability to recall few bits of information, based on electrical and chemical changes, reverberating circuits, no structural changes. |
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Term
| What is long-term memory? |
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Definition
| Memory is consolidated when reinforcement occurs from frequent retrieval of information, 1% of all experiences stored in LTM. |
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Term
| What is Parkinson disease? |
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Definition
| Progressive disorder of CNS, neuron degeneration, symptoms include involuntary muscle contractions/tremors/slower movements, treatments include attempt to increase levels of dopamine and decrease levels of ACh. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of disorders causing loss of muscle control and coordination, motor areas of brain are damaged before/during/or shortly after birth, irreversible and not progressive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to parts of brain that lead to deep unconsciousness from which person cannot be aroused. |
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Term
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Definition
| Head trauma, extreme fatigue, seizure activity, stroke, heart failure, diabetic coma, hypoglycemia, drug intoxication. |
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