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protection by immune response that mature throughout life; involves b cell and t cells |
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y shaped protein that binds antigen |
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molecule that reacts specifically with either an antibody or antigen receptor on lymphocyte |
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cells such as b cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells that can present exogenous antigedns to naive or memory t cells activating them |
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type of lymphocyte programmed to make antibodies, responsible for humoral immunity |
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deals with antigens residing within a host cell, such as a virus |
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process in which a lymphocyte's antigen receptor binds to an antigen, allowing the lymphocyte to proliferate |
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type of lymphocyte programmed to destroy infectious or cancerous self cells |
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cell type responsible for activating naive t cells |
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programmed to activate b cells and macrophages and assist in other parts of adapative immune response |
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group of white blood cells that have antigen specific receptors on their surface, includes b and t cells |
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cell surface molecules that present antigen to t cells (class I and class II) |
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long lived descendants of activated lymphocytes that can quickly respond when a specific antigen is encountered again |
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effector form of b cell, functions as antibody secreting factory |
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effector form of cytotoxic t cell, induces apoptosis in infected or cancerous self cells |
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effector form of helper t cell, activates b cells and macrophages, releases cytokines that stimulate other immune responses |
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characteristics of adaptive immunity |
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memory, specificity, tolerance (ability to ignore self molecules) |
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2 basic strategies used to adaptive immunity to counter foreign material |
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humoral & cell mediated immunity |
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works to eliminate extracellular antigens (bacteria, toxins, viruses in blood or tissue) |
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2 identical arms (Fab regions) that bind to specific antigens, 1 stem (Fc region) that functions as red flag tagging antigen bound by antibodies and enlisting other immune system components to eliminate antigen |
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how b cell responds to extracellular antigens |
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triggered to proliferate --> become plasma cells --> produce and secrete antibodies, some become memory b cells |
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hoe antibodies directly protect the host |
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bind antigens, coating it and preventing it from attaching to host cell |
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how antibodies indirectly protect host |
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red flad stem tagging antigen for elimination |
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how naive b cell knows when to respond |
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its surafce has many copies of b cell receptors, if it encounters an antigen that it binds to, it is triggered to multiply after it is activated by another lymphocyte such as a t helper cell |
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3 subsets of t cells and their functions |
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cytotoxic t cells- programmed to destroy cancerous or infectious self cells helper t cells- activate b cells regulatory t cells- helps prevent immune system from mounting a response on itself |
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difference between BCR and TCR |
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TCR doesn't recognize free antigens, the antigens must be brought to it by one of the body's cells |
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cells responsible for naive t cell activation |
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dendritic cells (part of innate immunity) |
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similarities of T and B cells |
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both form memory cells, both need "confirmation" of foreign material to multiply, both have many receptors |
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collection of tissues and organs that bring the population of b cells and t cells into contact with antigens |
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where lymphocytes gather to contact various antigens and trade cytokines lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix |
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important secondary lymph organ in intestinal wall |
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bone marrow (where b and t cells originate and b cells mature) and thymus (where t cells mature) |
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antigen that elicits an immune response |
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responding b cell requires help from t helper cell in order to become activated, has protein component |
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example of t-independent cells |
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ability of antigen to elicit immune response, proteins are best at doing this, lipids are least effective |
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regions of a molecule that the adaptive immune system recognizes |
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coats toxin or virus with antibodies so that it cannot bind to host cell |
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phagocytic cells have receptors for Fc region of IgG antibodies making it easier for phagocyte to engulf antigen |
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complement system activation results in... |
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production of opsonin C3b, initiation of inflammatory response, formation of membrane attack complexes |
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when each arm of an antibody grabs on to separate antigens, linking them to form one large complex that is easier for phagocyte to engulf |
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antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) |
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when multiple IgG molecules bind to infected cell and makes it a target for natural killer cells which attach to Fc region of antibody |
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