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Ch. 13 Terminilogy
Ch. 13 Terms for the 11th Edition of Living with Art Textbook
39
Art/Design
Undergraduate 1
11/03/2016

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Term
Tensile Strength
Definition
The amount of stretching stress (tensile) a material can withstand before it bends or breaks.
Term
Adobe
Definition
Construction using sun-dried bricks and coated with mud plaster.
Term
Hypostyle
Definition
A large hall constructed using post-and-lintel.
Term
Load-Bearing Construction
Definition
Also called “stacking and piling”, this is the simplest method of making a building. Layer is piled upon layer getting gradually thinner towards the top.
Term
Post-and-Lintel
Definition
An elementary construction method based on 2 vertical uprights (posts) supporting a horizontal crosspiece (lintel).
Term
Bracket Set
Definition
Chinese and Japanese architects used clusters of interlocking wooden brackets and arms to crown the tops of columns to create gracefully curved roofs
Term
Pointed Arch and Vault
Definition
The pointed arch and vault arcs up to a point. This allows weight to channel down at a steeper angle creating a taller arch. It is reinforced with ribs to create stability.
Term
Dome
Definition
A dome is a structure generally in the shape of a hemisphere or half globe
Term
Cast-Iron
Definition
Cast-iron construction utilizes a skeleton and skin method. During the 19th century its usefulness as a structural building was proven.
Term
Balloon-Frame
Definition
Balloon-frame construction utilizes a skeleton and skin method. The builder first develops a framework by nailing boards together, then adds a roof, and sheathes the walls.
Term
Steel-Frame
Definition
Steel-frame construction utilizes a skeleton and skin method. Each lower story supports those above it. The builder creates a steel cage. A skin of some other material is sheathed over it. Skyscrapers are built using this method.
Term
Reinforced Concrete
Definition
Reinforced concrete relies on iron rods embedded into wet concrete. The iron adds tensile strength, while the concrete provides shape and surface allowing for a wide variety of structures and shapes.
Term
Geodesic Domes
Definition
a dome constructed of short struts following geodesic lines and forming an open framework of triangles or polygons. The principles of its construction were described by Buckminster Fuller.
Term
Suspension
Definition
is a structural method made possible by steel. Cables run vertically to a main cable which sags on a parabolic curve between vertical support pylons driven into the ground.
Term
Cable-stayed Structures
Definition
combine piers with suspender cables (stays). The suspenders rise on an incline towards the towers
Term
Doric Columns
Definition
No base; the capital (topmost part) is bell-shaped
Term
Ionic Columns
Definition
Stepped base; the capital has 2 spirals called volutes.
Term
Corinthian Columns
Definition
Stepped base; the capital is carved acanthus leaves
Term
Architrave
Definition
Unadorned band of lintels above columns
Term
Frieze
Definition
Decorated with relief sculpture
Term
Cornice
Definition
Shelf-like projection above frieze
Term
Entablature
Definition
Consists of 3 elements: architrave, frieze, and cornice
Term
Barrel Vault
Definition
A series of arches placed flush together; creates large interior spaces.
Term
Nave
Definition
A long central area of a church.
Term
Groin Vault
Definition
The result of 2 barrel vaults crossed at right angles to each other. The weight and stress are channeled down to the four corners.
Term
Bay
Definition
A space created by one groin vault.
Term
Butrresses, Piers, Flying Buttresses
Definition
Exterior reinforcements used on cathedrals to create stability.
Term
Drum
Definition
the circular base of a domes building
Term
Coffering
Definition
Recessions created into a ceiling which help to lessen weight
Term
Oculus
Definition
an opening at the top of domed ceiling
Term
Portico
Definition
A porch extending from a building
Term
Rotunda
Definition
A round building
Term
Minarets
Definition
Slender towers often seen on the outside of mosques
Term
Pendentives
Definition
their function is to make a smooth transition between a rectangle and a dome in a building
Term
Corbelling
Definition
Each row of stones extends slightly beyond the one below until eventually the opening is bridged; can be used in arch, vault, and dome construction.
Term
2 innovations cause the development of ballon-frame construction
Definition
Improved method for milling lumber

Mass produced nails
Term
Ferroconcrete
Definition
another term for reinforced concrete
Term
Cantilever
Definition
a horizontal form supported at one end and jutting out into space at the other: made possible by ferroconcrete
Term
Sustainable Development
Definition
Providing present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to provide for their own needs
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