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*France's population was divided by law into three estates
*the first estate had the clergy
*the second estate had the nobles
*the third estate had everyone else
*the clergy numbered about 130,00 out of the 27 million population |
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*France's chief tax
*neither the clergy or nobles had to pay this
* occurred annually
*usually on land or property
*provided a regular source of income for the French monarchy |
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*the middle class
*part of the third estate
*included about 8% of the population
*owned about 20-25% of the land
*included merchants, bankers, and industrialist |
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*23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793
* executed in 1793
*ruled as King of France and Navarre
* his reforms stumbled on the hostility of the nobles
* failed to modernize the French monarchy |
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Term
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*during the first days of the French Revolution
*signed by 576 of the 577 members from the Third Estate
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*signified the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI
*inspired a wide variety of revolutionary activity in the months afterwards
*it reinforced the Assembly's strength |
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Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizens |
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Definition
* a fundamental document of the French Revolution
*defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal
*The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political principles of the Age of Enlightenment
*The declaration is in the spirit of what has come to be called natural law, which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority
*The last article of Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 26 August 1789 |
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* a French playwright
* political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience
*7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793
*She became an outspoken advocate for improving the condition of slaves in the colonies as of 1788
* she is perhaps best known as an early feminist who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men |
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* the radical partisans of the lower classes
*typically urban laborers
* they made up the bulk of the Revolutionary army during the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars.
*provided the principal support behind the two far-left factions of the Paris Commune, the Enragés and the Hébertists.
* were rallied to provide critical support for the radical and far-left factions of the successive revolutionary governments |
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*26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794
*the first President of the Committee of Public Safety
*the chief force in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic
*he was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror
*Member of the National Convention |
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Definition
* a physician, political theorist, and scientist
*best known for his career in France as a radical journalist and politician
*24 May 1743 – 13 July 1793
* he became a vigorous defender of the sans-culottes
*broadcast his views through impassioned public speaking, essay writing, and newspaper journalism, which carried his message throughout France. |
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*the most famous and influential political club in the development of the French Revolution
*formed at Versailles from a group of Breton representatives
*became notorious for its implementation of the Reign of Terror
* All citizens were allowed to enter and even foreigners were welcomed
*Any member who by word or action showed that his principles were contrary to the constitution and the rights of man was to be expelled |
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Term
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Definition
* developed with widely differing views
*Several of these fractions broke off to form their own clubs, such as the Club of '89
* a political party
*a group that pursues self interest at the expense of the common good.
*have a formal internal structure |
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Term
| Committee of Public Safety |
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Definition
* created in April 1793
*restructured in July 1793
*formed the de facto executive government in France during the Reign of Terror
*protecting the newly established republic against foreign attacks and internal rebellion
*given broad supervisory powers over military, judicial, and legislative efforts |
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*6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794
* a French lawyer, politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution.
* a member of the Estates-General
*he defended the abolition of slavery and of the death penalty
*supported equality of rights |
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*5 September 1793 – 28 July 1794
*mass executions of "enemies of the revolution."
*was a period of violence that
*between the Girondins and the more radical Jacobins
* the Terror's leaders exercised broad dictatorial powers and used them to instigate mass executions and political purges |
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Term
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Definition
*A member of the Electoral College of the United States
*chose members of the houses
*only those who owned or rented property worth a certain amount
*qualified to vote in an election
*decides on representatives
*electors to cast electoral college votes can differ from state to state |
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*an executive committee of five
*The Council of Elders chose
*picked for the Council of 500
*1795-1799
*became known mainly for corruption |
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*is the sudden, illegal deposition of a government
*usually by a small group of the existing state establishment
*succeeds if the usurpers establish their dominance when the incumbent government fails to prevent or successfully resist their consolidation of power.
* likely to lead to a civil war
* uses the extant government's power to assume political control of the country |
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*15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821
*was a French military and political leader
*Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815
* His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide
* is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France |
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Term
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Definition
*government of France
*composed of three parliamentary assemblies
*the Council of State which drafted bills
*the Tribunate which discussed them without voting them
* the Legislative Assembly which voted them without discussing them |
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Term
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Definition
*a systematic collection of laws
*designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of private law
* has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure
* re-emerged during the Age of Enlightenment
*it was believed that all spheres of life could be dealt with in a conclusive system based on human rationality |
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| Anne-Louise-Germaine de Stael |
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Definition
*22 April 1766 – 14 July 1817
*a French-speaking Swiss author living in Paris
* said to have injured her health by excessive study and intellectual excitement
*made her privileges as ambassadress very important safeguards
* the day before the September massacres (1792), she fled |
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Term
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Definition
* a political ideology
* involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a nation
*has commonly been the result of a response by an influential group or groups that is unsatisfied with traditional identities
* its development is closely related to that of the modern state and the push for popular sovereignty
*nationalism has become one of the most significant political and social forces in history |
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*1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852
*a British soldier and statesman
*one of the leading military and political figures of the 19th century
*he was also elected as a Member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons
*He was appointed governor of Seringapatam and Mysore in 1799 |
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