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| An individual or a group of individuals that develop asexually from cells or tissues of a single parent individual |
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| A form of asexual (vegetative) reproduction through which seeds are produced without fertilization, the seeds being entirely of maternal orgin. |
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| A detached vegetative material from a plant used to produce a new plant. Cutting are by far the most commonly used asexual propagation method in the horticultural industry |
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| A cutting derived from a mature or woody stem material |
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| A whole leaf or part of one that is detached and used to raise a new plant |
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A technique if uniting two plants so they grow as Grafting may be used for relatively simpler projects in the spring
can be defined as the art of joining parts of plants together so that they will unite and continue their growth as one plant. |
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The bottom part of a graft that is in contact with the soil and not allowed to produce side shoots
is the lower part of the graft combination that is to become the root system |
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the plant part that is the top part of a graft and grows to become the desired shoot
is that part of the graft combination that is to become the upper or top portion of the plant |
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| The ability of scion and stock materials to accept each other and be joined as one |
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| A pliable, sticky, water repellant material made of beeswax, resin, and tallow, and applied to waterproof a graft junction |
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| a method of graftin in which the cultivar of a tree is changed by grafting the main scaffold branches or the stem using a new cultivar |
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the interruption of phloem transport by removing a ring of bark from the stem
-mice may do this to a tree in winter when their is snow on the ground and they can't get to food |
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| a form of grafting in which the scion consists of a single vegetative bud |
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A method of vegetative propagation of plants usually with flexible limbs(shrubs, vines) in which roots are generated on the limb before being severed for planting as an independent plant
the part to be rooted from the mother plant is left attached receiving water and nutrients frim the mother plant
after the stem pieces has rooted it is cut from the mother plant and transplanted to grow independently |
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Definition
| A method of propagation in which underground structures of plants are divided not by cutting but by breaking along natural lines between segments |
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| a method of propagation in which underground stems are cut into pieces and replanted |
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| the generic term for adventitious shoots that arise from various parts of the plant |
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| the technique of producing new plants from single cells, tissue or small pieces of vegetative material |
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| A mass of undifferentiated cells that can be induced or arise naturally as a result of wounding |
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| generic term for the living vegetative plant material extracted for tissue culturing on an appropriate medium |
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| heritable variation that arises spontaneously as callus forms on a tissue culture medium |
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| the stalk of an indivudual flower |
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| a stalk supporting an inflorescence, which is the part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed |
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| produces new cells for the growth and maintenance of plants |
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| s the major source of biological variation, resulting from the event of crossing over. However, the ultimate source of variation is mutation. The expression genes is subject to the environment in which they occurred. |
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| the product of the union of two gametes |
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| the notion that every cell in an organism has the same genes and thus the same genetic potential to make other cells or other cell types |
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| a condition in which a cell nucleus has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes for the species |
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| the development of fruit in the absence of fertilization |
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Definition
seed coat may be softened before planting by one of several methods
Mechanical scratching of the seed coat
Tumbling seeds in a drum with coarse materials
Soaking seeds in sulfuric acid or bleach |
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Definition
*Soilless mixes that are pasteurized
*Field soil harbors a wide variety of pathogens that are harmful to *seeds(damping-off disease) p. 747
*Seed may be coated with a fungicide
*seed may be dipped in 10% household bleach
*seed may be pelleted to make planting easier
*Fluid drilling of sprouted seeds (pre-germinated) |
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*acid treatment
*leaching with water
*primed seeds: seeds soaked in a specific solution to initiate physiological processes for quicker germination. |
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*mechanical
*temperature
*light |
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Term
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Definition
1. Structural dormancy/seed coat dormancy scarification
2. Physiological dormancy/embryo dormancy
Embryo requires a special treatment
3. Stratification: a cold temperature application 1 to7 C or 34 to 45 F to break dormancy
After Ripening: a period after harvesting required by certain fruits to complete embryo maturity. Chemical in plant/fruit that inhibit germination |
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Definition
| is a complex process involving metabolic, respiration, and hormonal activities |
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Treated seeds germinate early and uniformly
Seed Treatment |
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Definition
*Soilless mixes that are pasteurized
*Field soil harbors a wide variety of pathogens that are harmful to *seeds(damping-off disease) p. 747
*Seed may be coated with a fungicide
*seed may be dipped in 10% household bleach
*seed may be pelleted to make planting easier
*Fluid drilling of sprouted seeds (pre-germinated) |
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Term
| Environmental Conditions for Seed Germination |
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Definition
Germination involves
*physiological processes
*Biochemical processes |
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| Critical Factors are as follows: |
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Definition
1. Moisture
2. Temperature
3. Light
4. Air/Oxygen (germination is an aerobic process)
5. Disease Free (Fungal attracts by Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani) |
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Definition
| a type of seed germination in which the cotyledons rise above the soil surface, Fig. 9-6, p. 301 |
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Definition
| a type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain below the soil surface, Fig. 9-7, p. 301 |
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Definition
| is a one-step planting method in which seeds are placed permanently in the spots in the field where they will germinate, grow and reproduce. |
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| is a two-stage process of establishing plants in the field. They are started in a nursery and /or greenhouse and transplanted to their permanent location. |
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Definition
Low-level application of a complete fertilizer 20-20-20 (N,P&K)
Too much fertilizer will develop week seedlings Difficult to transplant |
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Definition
A horticultural practice whereby seedling are prepared for transplanting to the field. This done by gradually
withholding water, nutrients, and decreasing temperature. |
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Definition
| A temporary setback in growth suffered by fresh transplants due to adverse conditions |
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Definition
| (true roots) produced only by the seed |
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Definition
| Adventitious roots- these roots can originate from root initials that are formed adjacent to vascular tissues. |
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Definition
cuttings(able to form adventitious roots)
Grafting
Budding
Layering
specialized underground structures
micro-propagation/tissue culture |
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Term
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Definition
Cuttings is the most commonly used vegetative method of propagation
Any of the 3 primary plant organs may be used
Stem
Leaf
Root
Cuttings need to be rooted (adventitious rooting) |
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Definition
Herbaceous tissue
Softwood
Hardwood(semi-hardwood or woody cuttings)
3 types of cuttings may be obtained from the same plant. |
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Definition
| is the method in which the scion is detached; only the stock remains rooted |
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Definition
| is the method where 2 plants are united at a predetermined and prepared site |
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plant conditions
compatibility graft compatibility |
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Definition
diameter of parts-pencil sized scions are used
physiological state-done on dormant plants
alignment of tissues- cambila contact of scion and rootstock |
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Term
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Definition
tissue enclosing the embryo sac has not undergone reduction division and has the same genetic makeup as the female parent
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Definition
*some disease causing viruses can be removed from clonal material by heat treatment
*in the meristem you can take off the top and get rid of the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| must be observed the scions must be inserted so that the buds point upward |
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