Term
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Definition
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Term
| An RNA or DNA molecule is a polymer made of subunits called ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The information carried by a DNA molecule is in the- |
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Definition
| order of the bases in the molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the information for making a polypeptide |
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Term
| DNA replication occurs... |
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Definition
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Term
| The flow of information in a cell in order proceeds as... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is involved/needed in DNA replication? What isn't needed? |
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Definition
| DNA, nucleotides, and enzymes. Ribosomes are not needed |
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Term
| What process occurs in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Beadle and Tatum showed that each kind of break mold lacked a special enzyme. This experiment showed us that... |
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Definition
| genes carry information for making proteins |
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Term
| During the process of translation, ____ matches a nucleic acid codon with the proper amino acid |
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Definition
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Term
| How does RNA polymerase "know" where to start transcribing a gene into messenger RNA? |
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Definition
| It starts at a certain nucleotide sequence called a promoter |
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Term
| When RNA is being produced, the RNA base ___ always pairs with the ___ base in DNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| something that causes a mutation |
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Term
| How do retroviruses differ from other viruses? |
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Definition
| They contain RNA that is used as a template to make DNA |
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Term
| The primary difference between bacterial sex and sexual reproduction in plants is that... |
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Definition
| bacterial sex does not produce offspring |
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Term
| Sometimes a bacteriophage transfers a gene from one bacterium to another. This process is called- |
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Definition
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Term
| Nucleotide T only pairs with A because a single-ringed _________ must pair with a double-ringed _____, such as A. T does not bond with C because as it isn't complimentary like A is to T, it isn't large enough to ______ across the _______. T could not bond with G because they do not have complimentary ______ (3 words). |
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Definition
pyrimidine,
purine,
to stretch across the double helix,
complimentary chemical functional groups |
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Term
| It takes a group of three DNA nucleotides to specify one amino acid protein because there are a total of 20 amino acids able to build proteins, and a triplet code (4 cubed) is able to account for ___ amino acids unlike a double code that only accounts for ___ or a single code that accounts for ___ amino acid proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| change in the nuclear sequence of DNA. |
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Term
| A mutation can be created from a simple errors in DNA _____, or by ___, ____, or _____. |
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Definition
replication,
X-rays, ultra-violet light, or chemicals |
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Term
| Mutations are harmful mostly by altering ________ (4 words) and hindering the function of ______. However, some mutations do not alter amino acid sequences, and lead to an ____ protein or new abilities that enhance it's ________. Mutations create a diversity that make evolution by ___ (2 words) possible |
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Definition
protein amino acid sequences,
proteins,
improved protein,
success,
natural selection |
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Term
| A base _____ is worse than a base _____ because it can shift the sequence of _____ groupings of a gene, causing a downward shift of all _____. The fact it changes the amino acid sequence so drastically makes it worse than a base ______, which only can result in one change in an _____ if anything. It can have __ effect. |
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Definition
base deletion is worse than base replacement,
triplet groupings,
codons,
base replacement,
amino acid,
no effect |
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Term
| mRNA's role in making a polypeptide is that it is ______ from a gene and carries the instructions for ______ a particular polypeptide |
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Definition
transferred from a gene,
making |
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Term
| A ________ provides the site of _____, where the process of making polypeptides according to mRNA messages occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| Transfer RNA acts as a ________, matching particular codons in the mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Between the chromosome, nucleotide, codon, and gene, put them in order from largest to smallest |
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Definition
| chromosome, gene, codon, nucleotide |
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Term
| mRNA for making a protein is made in the _____ and sent out to a ________. The ribosome reads the mRNA message and makes a protein making 120 amino acids. The mRNA consisted of at least how many codons? |
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Definition
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Term
| An error during DNA replication causes a T to be matching up with a G instead of an A. What effect can this have on the cell? |
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Definition
| One of it's proteins might contain an incorrect amino acid |
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Term
| A particular ___ and ____ carry the information for making a particular polypeptide, but a ______ and a ____ can be used to make a polypeptide |
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Definition
gene and mRNA,
a ribosome and a tRNA |
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Term
| What things take part in polypeptide synthesis? |
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Definition
| an exon, mRNA, tRNA, and a ribosome |
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Term
| IN a DNA double helix, T will always pair with ___, because they are complimentary nucleotides. This explains why in both goldfish and humans, - |
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Definition
| the amount of T is equal to the amount of A |
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Term
| The nucleotides of your genes - _____ - determine the amino acid sequences of ______ that cause your hair to be curly or straight - _______. |
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Definition
genotype,
protein,
phenotype |
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Term
| Translation begins at a ____ (2 words). |
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Definition
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Term
| A virus is able to insert it's genes into a nerve cell's DNA and remain ____ in the cell as a simple ____. This allows the virus to cause symptoms of the illness a long time after the person catches the diesease (ex. ________ from chickenpox) |
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Definition
latent,
provirus,
and ex. is shingles from chickenpox |
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Term
| In a eukaryotic cell, the RNA transcript is processed before ____. Noncoding ____ are removed and ___ are spliced together to produce the mRNA. A prokaryote does not process it's mRNA before _____, so the ____ are not removed. When the ____ RNA is translated, the wrong polypeptide is produced |
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Definition
tanslation,
introns,
exons,
translation.
introns,
unedited |
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Term
| Some bacteria are combining their DNA with the DNA from the other strains, producing bacteria with the _____ of both strands. - Some bacteria are dying, and their DNA is being taken up from the medium by living bacteria, a process called ______. - Bacterial genes could be transferred from bacterium to bacterium by a ________ (2 words). - Or, the bacteria could be undergoing ______, which is bacterial mating, in which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another |
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Definition
characteristics,
transformation,
bacteriophage transduction,
conjugation |
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Term
| A hybrid virus would only be able to attack lung cells because it's ____ contains structure that allow it to "____" with lung cells, not nerve cells. Once a cell is infected, the polio virus RNA replicated and directs the viruses that contain only polio virus RNA and protein, because only polo RNA instructions _____ (two words) |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA replication occurs in the 3 to 5 direction. The 3 to 5 strand is the _____ strand, while the 5 to 3 strand is the _____ strand |
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Definition
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Term
| The lagging strand is broken up into segments as it goes along. These DNA fragments/segments are known as ______ fragments |
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Definition
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Term
| Two key proteins are involved in DNA replication- DNA ligase and DNA polymerase. DNA ligase joins _________ into a continuous chain. DNA polymerase adds _____ to the growing ____, and _____ and corrects improper ____ pairings |
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Definition
okasaki fragments,
adds nucleotides to the growing chain,
and proofreads and corrects improper base pairings |
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Term
| DNA polymerase and DnA ligase also repair DNA damaged by harmful ____ and ___________ (2 words) |
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Definition
| reactions and toxic chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of proteins under the direction of RNA |
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Term
An overview of transcription:
1) An RNA molecule is transcribed from a ____ template by a process that resembles the ______ of a DNA strand during DNA replication
2) ___ nucleotides are linked by the transcription enzyme DNA __________
3) Specific sequences of ________ along the DNA mark where transcription beings and ends
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The "start transcription" signal is referred to as a _______. |
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Definition
DNA template,
synthesis,
RNA,
DNA polymerase,
nucleotides,
a promoter |
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Term
| Transcription has three phases in it; ______, _______, and _________ |
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Definition
| Initiation, Elongation, and Termination |
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Term
| Elongation is the addition of _______ to the polypeptide chain |
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Definition
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Term
| Translation has four steps in it, all of which occur in the _______; ______,_____,______, and _______. |
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Definition
cytoplasm,
amino acid attachment, initiation of polypeptide synthesis, elongation, and termination |
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Term
| Viruses can consist of... |
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Definition
| nucleaic acid, a protein coat called a CAPSID, and (in some cases) a membrane envelope |
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Term
| Viruses can consist of two reproductive cycles. Viral particles are produced using _________ (two words) components. This is done by; The host cells ____, and then the viruses are ______ |
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Definition
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Term
In the lysogenic cycle;
1) Viral DNA is inserted into the ____ chromosome by _______
2) Viral DNA is ______ along with the _____ chromosome during each cell __________. |
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Definition
host chromosome,
recombination,
duplicated,
host chromosome,
cell division |
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Term
| Most prophage genes are... |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ signals can cause a switch in the ________ (two words) causing DNA to be excited from the __________ chromosome, leading to the death of the host chromosome |
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Definition
Environment signals,
lyctic cycle,
bacterial chromosome |
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Term
| Three things contribute to the emergence of viral dieseases: _______,________,and _________. |
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Definition
| mutation, contact between species, and spread of it from isolated populations to larger populated areas |
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Term
| Prions are infectious _____ that cause degenerative ____ diseases in animals. Viroids are small, circular ____ molecules that infect plants. |
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Definition
proteins,
brain diseases,
RNA molecules |
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