Term
The ancient Greek philosopher who wrote about psyche and first broadly defined the subject matter was:
a) Plato
b) Aristotle
c) Hippocrates
d) Eipcurus |
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Definition
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Term
| The modern definition of psychology is "the science of _____ and _____." |
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Definition
| behavior; mental processes |
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Term
Mental processes are _____.
a) directly observable
b) private |
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Definition
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Term
| The four goals of the science of psychology are to (a) _____, (b) _____, (c) _____, and (d) _____ behavior and mental processes. |
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Definition
(a) Describe
(b) Predict
(c) Understand
(d) Influence |
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Term
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Definition
| Science of behavior and mental processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Approach to knowledge based on systematic observations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Directly observable and measurable actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Private psychological activities that include thinking, perceiving, and feeling. These are private. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tentative explanations of facts and relationships in science. |
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Term
When it comes to the goal of understanding, our explanations are _____.
a) truths
b) theories |
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Definition
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Term
The early psychologist who first pioneeed the introspective study (structuralism) of human consciousness and who generally is credited with found the first laboratory of psychology in 1879 was _____.
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) William James
c) Hermann Ebbinghause
d) Wilhelm Wundt |
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Definition
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Term
Who was the first African American Psychologist to be published in the journal of the American Psychological Association and was focused on the sensation of intense heat (when cold nerve endings are stimulated at the same time as warm nerve endings are)?
a) Max Wertheimer
b) William James
c) J. Henry Alston
d) Edward Titchener |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 19th-century school of psychology that sought to determine the structure of the mind through controlled introspection. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of looking inward at one's own consciousness. |
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Term
Who was the leader of Gestalt Psychology?
a) William James
b) Hermann Ebbinghaus
c) Mary Whiton Calkins
d) Max Wertheimer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organized or unified whole. |
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Term
| Define Gestalt Psychology. |
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Definition
| School of thought based on the belief that human consciousness cannot be broken down into its elements. |
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Term
| Define phi penomenon (theory used by Gestalt psychologists). |
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Definition
Perception of apparent movement between two stationary stimuli.
i.e. motion pictures are made up of a series of stills that change slightly but is seen as moving. |
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Term
The early American psychologist who founded the school of funtionalism, which emphasized the evolutionary importance of human consciousness, and who taught the first psychology course in a college was _____.
a) Sigmund Freud
b) William James
c) Alfred Binet
d) Wilhelm Wundt |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
19th-century school of psychology that emphasized the useful functions of consciousness.
Thinking, feeling, learning, remembering, and other mental processes exist only because they help us survive as a species. |
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Term
Who studied nonsense syllables?
a) Hermann Ebbinghaus
b) Mary Whiton Calkins
c) William James
d) John B. Watson |
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Definition
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Term
The functionalist who developed the paired associates method to study memory was _____.
a) Alfred Binet
b) Max Wertheimer
c) Mary Whiton Calkins
d) Margaret Floy Washburn |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mental process of perceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, knowing, deciding, and so on. |
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Term
| Define cognitive psychology. |
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Definition
Viewpoint in psychology that emphasized the importance of cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, and thinking.
It is the heart of modern psychology.
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Term
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Definition
| School of psychology that emphasized the process of learning and the measurement of overt behavior. |
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Term
| Define social learning theory. |
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Definition
Viewpoint that the most important aspects of our behavior are learned from other persons in society--family, friends, and culture.
Albert Bandura is the leading spokesperson of this thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| All mental activity of which we are unaware. |
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Term
| What waws Ivan Pavlov's research study? |
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Definition
Pavlov's Dogs.
He identified a simple for of learning--conditioning-- in which an inherited reflex (salivating) comes to be triggered bya stimulus that has nothing to do with that reflex (the metronome). |
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Term
| in the 1910's and 20's, _____ and _____ believed that most human behavior was learned through classical conditioning. |
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Definition
| John B. Watson and Margaret Floy Washburn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal states or conditions that activate behavior and give it direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technique of helping persons with emotional problems based on Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious mind. |
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Term
The physician who founded psychoanalysis and its study of the unconscious mind and abnormal behavior was _____.
a) Sigmund Freud
b) William James
c) Alfred Binet
d) Max Wertheimer |
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Definition
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Term
Modern cognitive psychology was influenced by which earlier schools of thoughts?
a) structuralism
b) functionalism
c) Gestalt psychology
d) all of these |
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Definition
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Term
The scientist who first discovered neurons (individual nerve cells in the brain) was _____.
a) B. F. Skinner
b) Ivan Pavlov
c) Satiago Ramón y Cajal
d) Margaret Floy Washburn |
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Definition
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Term
| Define humanistic psychology. |
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Definition
| Psychological view that human beings possess an innate tendency to improve and determine their lives by the decisions they make. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perspective in psychology founded by Binet that focuses on the measurement of mental functions. |
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Term
| Define neuroscience perspective. |
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Definition
| Viewpoint in psychology that focuses on the nervous system in explaining behavior and mental processes. |
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Term
| _____ is the key element of conscious decision making. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define sociocultural perspective. |
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Definition
| Theory of psychology that states it is necessary to understand a person's culture and other social influences to fully understand him/her. |
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Term
| Define social anthropology. |
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Definition
| Field of social science that studies the ways in which cultures are both similar and different from one another and how cultures influence human behavior. |
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Term
| Define cultural relativity. |
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Definition
| Perspective that promotes thinking of different cultures in relative terms rather than judgmental terms. |
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Term
| What are the two aspects of sociocultural perspective? |
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Definition
1. The sociocultural perspective promotes cultural relativity.
2. The sociocultural perspective reminds us that not all memvers of a given culture, ethnic group, or gender are alike. |
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Term
| What are the basic areas of modern psychology? |
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Definition
Biological psychology-study the ways in which the nervous system and other organs provide the basis for behavior and mental process.
Sensation and perception-how the snese organs operate and how we interpret incoming sensory information.
Learning and memory-The ways in which we learna and remember new information and new skills.
Cognition (Cognitive psychologists)-study thinking, perceiving, planning, imagining, creating, etc.
Developmental psychology-concerned with changes that take place in people during their life span.
Motivation and emotion-study the needs and states that activate and guide behavior.
Personality-consistent ways of behaviong that characterize our individual personalities.
Social psychology-influence of other people on our behavior.
Sociocultural psychology-focus on ethnic and cultural factors. |
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Term
| What are the applied areas of modern psychology? |
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Definition
Clinial psychology- try to understand and treat serious emotional and behavioral problems.
Counseling psychology-help people with personal or school problems and with career choices.
Educational and school psychologists-ways children learn in the classroom (educational). consult with teachers about children with learning or behavior problems (school).
Industrial and organizational psychology- match employees to jobs, train and motivate workers, promote job satisfaction.
Health psychology-ways in which stress and other factors influence our health. |
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Term
| What are the differences between psychologists and psychiatrists? |
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Definition
Psychologists completed medical schools and obtained a M.D. degree and completed residency training in psychiatry.
Psychiatrists got their Ph.D. and Psy.D. and completed an internship in clinical psychology. They cannot prescribe medication. |
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Term
The approach that states a person can be understood only in terms of her or his culture and social influences is termed the ______.
a) psychoanalytic theroy
b) cognitive perspective
c) humanistic perspective
d) sociocultural perspective |
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Definition
| d) sociocultural perspective |
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Term
The basic area of psychology that studies intimate human relationships and prejudice is _____.
a) neuroscience
b) health psychology
c) clinical psychology
d) social psychology |
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Definition
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Term
The applied area of psychology that provides help for people with emotional and behavior problems is _____.
a) neuroscience
b) health psychology
c) clinical psychology
d) social psychology |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 8 starting places of human behavior? |
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Definition
1. Human beings are biological creatures.
2. Every person is different, yet all people are much the same.
3. People can be understood fully only in the context of their cultures and other social influences.
4. Human lives are a conntinuous process of change.
5. Behavior is motivated.
6. Humans are social animals.
7. People play an active part in creating their experiences.
8. Behavior can be adaptive or maladaptive. |
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