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Definition
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| During Cell division what happens? |
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Definition
| -a parent cell normally gives rise to two daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -hereditary information to each daughter cell |
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Term
| Each DNA molecule consists of a: |
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Definition
| -long chain composed of smaller subunits called nucleotides |
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Term
| Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four bases which are?: |
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Definition
| -adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C) |
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Term
| The DNA in a chromosome consists of |
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Definition
| -two long strands of nucleotides wound around each other, as a ladder would look if it were twisted into a corkscrew shape |
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Term
| DNA Structure is called a : |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| The specific sequence of nucleotides in genes spells out the: |
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Definition
| -instructions for making the proteins of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
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| The specific sequence of nucleotides in genes spells out the: |
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Definition
| -instructions for making the proteins of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| -The cell division of eukaryotic cells by which organisms grow or increase in number |
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Term
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Definition
| -The repeating pattern of divide, grow, differentiate, and then divide again |
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Term
| After cell division, the daughter cells may differentiate: |
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Definition
| -, becoming specialized for specific functions |
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Term
| Most multicellular organisms have three categories of cells: |
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Definition
1.Stem cells
2.Other cells capable of dividing
3.Permanently differentiated cells |
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Term
| Stem cells have two important characteristics: |
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Definition
| -self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types |
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Term
| Stem cells self-renew because: |
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Definition
| -they retain the ability to divide, perhaps for the entire life of the organism |
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Term
| Permanently differentiated cells differentiate and never: |
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Definition
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Term
| Sexual reproduction in eukaryotic organisms occurs when: |
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Definition
| offspring are produced by the fusion of gametes (sperm and eggs) from two adults |
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Term
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Definition
| -exactly half the genetic information of their parent cells and reestablish the full genetic complement when they fuse |
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Term
| Reproduction in which offspring are formed from a single parent, without having a sperm fertilize an egg, is called: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -offspring genetically identical to the parent and to each other, produced through asexual reproduction. |
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Term
| The prokaryotic fission occurs in five stages: |
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Definition
1.At the start of the growth phase, the single prokaryotic chromosome is usually attached at one point to the plasma membrane of the cell
2.During the growth phase, the circular DNA chromosome replicates, producing two identical chromosomes that become attached to the plasma membrane at nearby, but separate, sites
3.As the cell increases in size, new plasma membrane is added between the attachment points, pushing the duplicated chromosomes apart
4.The plasma membrane grows inward between the two chromosome copies
5.Fusion of membrane along the cell equator completes separation (binary fission) of the cells, producing two daughter cells, each containing one of the chromosomes
-The daughter cells are genetically identical |
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Term
| Most of the time, the DNA in each chromosome is wound around proteins called: |
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Definition
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Term
| The two ends of a chromosome consist of repeated nucleotide sequences called: |
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Definition
| -telomeres, which are essential for chromosome stability |
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Term
| The second specialized region of the chromosome is the: |
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Definition
| - centromere, which has two principal functions |
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Term
| Most eukaryotic cells spend the majority of their time in : |
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Definition
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Term
| Interphase is divided into three phases: |
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Definition
-G1 (growth phase 1) is a time for acquisition of nutrients and growth to proper size
-S (synthesis phase) is characterized by DNA synthesis, during which every chromosome is replicated
-G2 (growth phase 2) includes completion of cell growth and preparation for division of the cell into daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -is the division of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| -the cytoplasm is divided roughly equally between the two daughter cells, and one daughter nucleus enters each of the daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - attached to each other at the centromere |
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Term
| The first phase of mitosis is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Four major events occur during prophase: |
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Definition
1.Duplicated chromosomes condense
2.Spindle microtubules form
3.Nuclear envelope breaks down
4.Chromosomes are captured by the spindle microtubules |
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Term
| After condensation of the chromosomes: |
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Definition
| -spindle microtubules form |
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Term
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Definition
| - a protein-containing structure located at the centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| - the chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| -sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
-a nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes
-Telophase is the end stage of mitotic cell division |
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Term
| Although CDKs drive the cell cycle, multiple checkpoints ensure that: |
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Definition
-The cell successfully completes DNA synthesis during interphase
-Proper chromosome movements occur during mitotic cell division |
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