5 major processes controlled by hormones (endocrine system)

1. reproduction
2. growth & development
3. mobilizing body defenses against stressors
4. maintaining electrolyte/water/nutrient balance of blood
5. regulating cellular metabolism & energy balance

what is the importance of hormones?

how are hormones related to target tissue?

• a given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs
• in order for a target cell to respond to a hormone, specific protein receptors must be present on its plasma membrane or in its interior to which that hormone can attach

why is the pituitary gland no longer called the "master gland?"

• b/c release of each of its hormones is controlled by releasing & inhibitng hormones produced by hypothalamus

1. hormone
2. target tissue
3. response

1. LH/FSH
2. hypothalamic hormones/same
3. stimulaties ovaries and testes/stimulates production of ova and sperm

thyroid

1. hormone
2. target tissue
3. response

1. thyroid hormone
2. thyroxine in blood; hypothalamic hormones
3. stimulates thyroid gland

parathyroid

1. hormone
2. target tissue
3. response

1. parathyroid hormone
2. calcium level in blood
3. raises blood calcium level

pancreas

1. hormone
2. target tissue
3. response

1. glucagon
2. glucose level in blood
3. reduces blood glucose

what are the three causes of diabetes mellitus?

1. too little insulin
2. shortage of insulin receptors on target cells
3. defective receptors that don't respond to insulin

anterior pituitary

1. hormone
2. target tissue
3. response

1. prolactin
2. breast
3. stimulate and maintain milk production

posterior pituitary

1. hormone
2. target tissue
3. response

1. ADH/Oxytocin
2. kidneys/uterus & breasts
3. causes kidneys to reabsorb more water from forming urine/contraction of uterus & milk "let-down" reflex

adrenal medulla

1. hormone
2. target tissue
3. response

1. epinephrine & norepinephrine
2. bloodstream
3. "fight or flight"

pancreas

1. hormone
2. target tissue
3. response

1. insulin
2. pancreas
3. glucose into cells

hormones

• secreted into the blood by speculated cells
• trowels some distance to target tissues
• influences specific activities
• EX: thyroxine, insulin

neurotransmitters

• produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces by presynaptic nerve terminals
• travels short distances
• influences postsynaptic cells
• EX: acetylcholine, epinephrine

pheromones

• secreted into the environment 
• modifies physiology and behavior of other individuals
• EX: sex pheremones released in the urine of many animals

pituitary gland

description:

• approx size of a grape
• 2 functional lobes (ant. pituitary & post. pituitary)
• regulates gonads, thyroid, adrenal cortex, water balance and lactation

why do gonadotropins (gonadotropins hormones) regulate?

• hormonal activity of the gonads (ovaries & testes)

Adrenal Medulla

a. what is it stimulated by?

b. what phrase is used to refer to Epinephrine & Norepinephrine?

a.  sympathetic nervous system neurons

b. catecholamines "fight or flight"

3 organs that contain cells that have endocrine function

1. brain
2. small intestine
3. stomach

explain how insulin shock occurs

• excess insulin causes low blood glucose, confusion, disorientation, coma & possible death