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| A process that involves knowing, understanding and remembering |
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| Goal and staring point are clear; know when it's been solved |
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| Goal and starting point are unclear; hard to know when goal is reached; ex. happy life? |
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| Methodical, logical rules, or procedures that guarantee solving a particular problem |
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| Chooses which problem space to look at and which to ignore; allow us to make judgement; less time consuming but more prone to error than algorithms |
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| A tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias |
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| A tendency to think only of the familiar functions of an object; ex. two string problem |
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| A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way- especially is it was successful in the past |
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| Insight- the processes by which the solution seems to magically pop into mind; tends to be sudden; brain imaging suggests the right temporal cortex is activated |
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| A mystery- difficult to recreate and study in a laboratory |
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| Choosing among alternatives; humans do not choose the optimal answers because we tend to make decisions based on intuition rather than systematic reasoning |
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| Using available info and available cognitive resources (prior information) to make a decision that is "good enough"; often fails- subject to many decision bias |
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| Causes human decision-making to not be optimal |
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| Estimating frequencies of events based on the ease with which instances can be retrieve from memory; use "rule of thumb"; ex. Tornado vs Asthma Death |
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| Representativeness (Bias) |
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| An estimate of the likelihood of an event based on the event's representativeness; how similar the event is to the population it came from; whether the event is similar to the process that produce it; Gambler's Fallacy |
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| The belief that if an event has not happened in a long time, it is more likely to happen soon ("equal out") |
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| Decisions may be significantly affected depending upon how an issue is framed- the way a question is worded will affect your answer; framing can lead to irrational choices |
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| People tend to be loss aversive- don't want to lose anything |
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| Judgements are strongly influences by referene point provided; people use reference points as an anchor and then adjust up or down; happens even when told the numbers given are random |
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| A tendency to consistently exaggerate what could have been anticipated in foresight- "I knew it!"; Why?- when you look back you only see the events consistent with the outcome |
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| A tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements; most people are more confident than is warranted |
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| Why does overconfidence occur? |
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| Tendency to think of confirming examples rather than disconfirming examples; lack of proper feedback; we often advise people to "be confident" even when people are already overconfident |
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| Why can't people detect their own competence? |
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Definition
| Thee skills used to detect competence are the same one that cause competence; incompetent people lack the skills to detect their own incompetence and the competence of others |
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| Weak relationship, even negative; more confidence does not mean more competence |
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| A tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence; people tend to try to find reasons why beliefs could still be true, even with contradictory evidence |
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