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Ch 9,10
Human population and consequences
74
Environmental Studies
Undergraduate 1
11/21/2011

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Cards

Term
Crude Birth Rate
Definition
Total number of births per 1000
Term
Crude Death Rate
Definition
Total number of deaths per 1000
Term
What is the continent with the highest CBR and CDR?
Definition
Africa
Term
What are the 3 most populous countries? 
Definition
1. China
2. India
3. USA
Term
What are the 2 most useful indicators of a country's health?
Definition
Infant Mortality rate and life expectancy
Term
Infant Mortality Rate
Definition
death of children per 1000 before their 1st birthday
Term
Replacement Level Fertility 
Definition
Number of children needed to replace parents
Term
Why is the Replacement Level Fertility higher than 2?
Definition
Because of infant mortality
Term
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Definition
Average number of children women have
Term
What is Total Fertility Rate most useful for?
Definition
For predicting future population change
Term
What is the leaing cause of infant mortality?
Definition
Malnutrition
Term
Baby Boomers
Definition
Will strain social security
Strain medicare as they age
Influence government by demanding goods and services
Term
What was the average TFR in 2006?
Definition
2.7-2.9
Term
What percent of births outnumber deaths?
Definition
59%
Term
What percent of the births came from illegal and legal immigration?
Definition
41%
Term
What causes a baby bust?
Definition
Desired gender (gender imbalance)
Abortion
Contraception
Delayed marriage
Term
How much of the world's land do women possess?
Definition
<1%
Term
How much of the world's income do women receive? 
Definition
10%
Term
What is the number of children a woman has affected by?
Definition
Having rights
Education
Employment
Infant deaths
Availability of pension
Contraception
Term
What are the 3 age structure categories?
Definition
Prereproductive
Reproductive
Postreproductive
Term
What countries have a negative growth rate?
Definition
Germany, Bulgaria, Sweden
Term
Demographic Trap
Definition
Stuck in transition, population growth overwhelms economic growth
Term
Preindustrial
Definition
high birth/death rate, high infant mortality
Term
Transitional
Definition
Birth rates still high
Term
Industrial
Definition
Birth rate decreases, most developed countries are at this place
Term
Postindustrial
Definition
Birth/death rates are equal
Term
How are grey wolves keystone species?
Definition
vegetation reestablishes, species diversity expands, food for scavengers
Term
What are the use values?
Definition
Instrumental and intrinsic value
Term
What are the nonuse values?
Definition
Existence, aesthetic, bequest values
Term
Instrumental Value
Definition
Economic and ecological services
Term
Intrinsic Value
Definition
Value based on existence, regardless of usefulness to humans
Term
Existence Value
Definition
Satisfaction of knowing it exists
Term
Aesthetic value
Definition
appreciate nature/beauty
Term
Bequest
Definition
protect for future generations
Term
What is the most common use of wood?
Definition
Fuel
Term
Old Growth Forests
Definition
Have not been seriously disturbed for several hundreds of years
Term
What are snags/fallen trees important?
Definition
Create habitat, recycle nutrients, holds soil
Term
Second growth forests
Definition
Trees resulting from natural secondary succession. Tree farms are second growth
Term
Tree Farms
Definition
planted stands of a particular tree species (monoculture)
Term
Deforestation
Definition
Runoff or eroded soil into aquatic systems, premature extinction of species within specialized niches, regional climate change from extensive clearing, release of CO2 into atmosphere
Term
Building ___ leads to fragmentation
Definition
roads
Term
Selective Cutting
Definition
trees can be harvested individually from diverse forests
Term
Clear cutting
Definition
an entire forest can be cut down
Term
Selective Cutting
Definition
Portions of forest cut out, follows curve of mountain
Term
Substainable Forestry
Definition
Selective/strip cutting. Reduce roads into uncut forests, protecting old-growth, reduce fragmentation
Term
Certified Sustainable Forestry
Definition
Cutting doesn't exceed regeneration, 6% of world's forests are certified, leave snags
Term
Surface Fires
Definition
Burns only the surface litter
Term
Crown Fires
Definition
Burns very hot, moves fast
Term
Ground fires
Definition
burns the humus
Term
Prescribed Fires
Definition
set on fire on purpose
Term
Fire Management
Definition
set controlled surface fires, allow fires to burn if they don't threaten life/property
Term
Healthy Forest Restoration Act
Definition
Allows timber companies to cut medium and large trees in 71% of the national forests. must clear away smaller, more fire-prone trees and underbrush
Term
Kenaf
Definition
For paper. No fertilizer, no pesticide, more fiber, less energy but lots of money
Term
Where does most of the world's hardwood come from?
Definition
Tropical rain forests
Term
Hardwoods
Definition
broad leafs whose seeds are in fruit
Term
What continent has the fastest tropical deforestation
Definition
South America
Term
What are the consequences of burning rain forests?
Definition
Climate change, reduces rainfall

Why? CO2 sink, transpiration

Rain forest becomes savanna
Term
Neem Tree
Definition
treatment of many diseases, lumber, fuel, spermicide

in India
Term
Basic causes for deforestation
Definition
Poverty, population growth
Term
Secondary causes for desforestation
Definition
oil drilling, mining, cattle ranching, cash crops
Term
Cash Crops
Definition
Coffee, bananas, cocoa, nuts, etc
Term
Fair Trade
Definition
Allows a fair return to the growers for their work
Term
What are the two grasslands?
Definition
Natural grasslands (rangelands) and managed grasslands (pastures)
Term
Overgrazing
Definition
soil compaction, invasive species, lowers water holding capacity, erosion
Term
Sustain grassland productivity
Definition
Controlling the number/distribution of livestock, restoring degraded rangeland
Term
Restoration
Definition
Trying yo return to original state
Term
How to Restore Grasslands
Definition
Protect the riparian areas, suppress invasive species, replant native grass, rotate watering holes
Term
What is the national forest managed by?
Definition
US forest service
Term
What is national wildlife refuges manged by?
Definition
US Fish and Wildlife
Term
National Forest vs. National Park
Definition
National Forest: can do more activities
National Park: restricted use
Term
National park system
Definition
Protect habitats, provide recreation from human activities. Humans are temporary visitors
Term
National Wildlife and Scenic River System
Definition
1968 to preserve certain rivers from human activities
Term
What is bad about habitat corridors?
Definition
Makes it easier for invasive species to get in
Term
How can we make conservation more appealing?
Definition
Make conversation more profitable, initiate restoration, prevent damage
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