Term
| Behavioural view - what controls beh |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
external events, environment, past learning exp (learning theory) |
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Term
| Psychologists assoc. with behavioural view |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
Dollard and Miller, Skinner |
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Term
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-parsimonious (fewest assumptions, expl normal + abnormal)
-situational specificity (environmental infl most important in det beh)
-few theoretical constructs (expl beh by reference to beh) |
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Term
| radical vs methodological behaviourism |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
radical: concerned with only what is measurable (Skinner)
methodological: concerned with methods, not content of psyc |
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Term
| neo classical conditioning def |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
association with previously neutral stimulus with a response (learning of relationship so animal can represent its environment) |
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Term
| steps in classical conditioning |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. acquisition
(CS + UCS -> CR until CS -> CR)
2. generalization
-stimuli similar to CS produce similar responses
3. discrimination
-learning to distinguish between stim that are/are not reinforced
4. extinction
-CS without UCS, eventually CS does not lead to CR |
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Term
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-application of CC
-association between previously pleasurable sensation and unpleasant sensation |
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Term
| Operant Conditioning principles |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-behaviour is determined by its consequences
-law of effect (Thorndike)
-associated with skinner |
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Term
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-Thorndike: behaviour + satisfaction/frustration = increase/decrease in behaviour |
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Term
| Types of reinforcement re: operant conditioning |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. *Positive: application of pleasant consequence - increase beh
2. Negative: removal of negative consequence - increase beh
3. Punishment: aversive consequence - reduce beh
4. Shaping: teaching complex beh's by reinforcing successive approximations |
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Term
| Schedules of reinforcement re: Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. fixed interval: same time period passes
2. fixed ratio: same number of responses
3. variable interval: time periods differ
4. *variable ratio: number of responses differ (most resistant to extinction) |
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Term
| Decreasing maladaptive behavior re: operant conditioning |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. *Extinction: withdraw reinforcers that maintain behaviour
2. *Time out: withdraw access to reinforcement after maladaptive beh
3. Punishment: aversive consequences
4. Response cost: removal of valued privilege |
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Term
| Increasing adaptive beh re: operant conditioning |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. positive attention: for appropriate beh
2. token economy: economy of reinforcements (tokens) that can be used to purchase access to primary reinforcers (eg food, cigs) |
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Term
| Behavioural assessment principles |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-sample approach: assessments sample behaviour in test situation which approximates criterion situation
-aim to describe functional relationship (between enviro + beh)
*situational specificity > behavioural consistency |
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Term
| Sources of data re: Behavioural assessment |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. self report
-beh interview
-schedule (list of fears)
-self monitoring (diary)
2. behavioural sampling
-naturalistic OR
-structured (set up situ to observe eg role play)
3. physiological measures
-GSR, HR, sexual arousal |
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Term
| treatment goal re: behavioural assessment |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
behaviour modification: eliminate undesired beh by changing environment in which it occurs |
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Term
| treatment steps re: behavioural assessment |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. record baseline
-frequency
-situations
2. identify patterns
3. functional analysis A-B-C (assessing relationship between stim conditions and changes in beh) |
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Term
| ABC analysis re: behavioral assessment |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
Antecedents: what happens before (feelings, enviro, role as triggers)
Behavior: what client does
Consequences: how client thinks/feels after (rewards, role in maintenance) |
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Term
| basis of personality: dollard and miller |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-habits (assoc of stim + response)
-can be changed |
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Term
| formation of personality: dollard and miller |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
Drive reduction (reinforcement)
-drive: strong stim that produces discomfort - paralell to Murray's need
-reinforcer: increases likelihood of specific response
eg: avoidance/escape reduces anxiety and maintains phobias |
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Term
| types of behaviour: dollard and miller |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. reflex response: automatic response to specific stim
2. hierarchy of response: tendency for certain responses to occur before others
-hierarchy reinforced/rearranged through learning |
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Term
| drives and reinforcers: dollard and miller |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. primary drive: assoc w physiological processes (usu satisfied thru secondary drives)
-primary reinforcer: reduces primary drive
2. secondary drive: learned on basis of primary drives (eg wanting to earn money to buy food)
-secondary reinforcer: originally neutral, associated with primary reinforcers (eg money) |
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Term
| frustration: dollard and miller |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-unable to reduce a drive because response that would satisfy it is blocked |
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Term
| conflict: dollard and miller |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-frustration caused by a situation where incompatible responses occur at the same time (eg wanting to attain two desired goals) |
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Term
| unconscious: dollard and miller |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-unaware of some drives that are unlabelled
-cues/responses repressed because they were ineffective (learned: avoiding thoughts reduces unpleasant experience) |
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Term
| process of learning: dollard and miller |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. Drive: stimulus or state
-impels person to ACT
2. Cue: specific stimulus
-when/where/how to respond (eg ringing bell)
3. Response: reaction to cue
-occur in hierarchy
4. Reinforcement: effect of response
-extinction (not reinforced), learning dilemma (if responses not reinforcing, try different ones to reduce drive) |
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Term
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-term "personality" superfluous
-doesn’t help understand/predict beh
-cant be defined operationally (validated)
-focus on observable
-internal states are “epiphenomena” (by-products, not cause of beh) |
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Term
| skinner: superstitious beh |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-result of reinforcing apparently "random" acts |
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Term
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
1. respondent: automatic response, elicited by stimuli
-involuntary, automatic, conditioned using CC
-*stim-> beh
2. operant: freely emitted response, stim not necessary
-repetition determined by consequences, OC
-beh -> *consequence |
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Term
| predicting behaviour: skinner |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
need to know
1. deprivation
2. prior reinforcement history |
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Term
| skinner: application of OC |
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-social utopia
-beh principles can be used to shape an entire culture (Walden II) |
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Term
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-philosophy that suggests all knowledge originates in experience (Tabula Rasa) |
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Term
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-focus on overt, observable beh
-operational definitions |
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Term
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Definition
BEHAVIOURISM
-speak up, turn down request
-express self appropriately to get what one needs |
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