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| internal membrane, Contains chlorophyll and other pigments, Pigments clustered into photosystem units, starting point of photosynthesis |
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| stacks of flattened sacs of thylakoid membrane |
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| semiliquid fluid surrounding thylakoid membranes – site of carbon fixation; also contains enzymes that catalyze the reactions of carbon fixation – the Calvin cycle reactions |
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| CO2 gets into the leaf through this (mouth) and oxygen exits through it |
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| Light-dependent reactions |
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Definition
| Require light, Capture energy from sunlight, Make ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH |
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| Dark Reactions (or Light Independent Reactions) |
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Definition
| Also called Carbon Fixation Reactions, Do not require light, Use ATP and NADPH to synthesize organic molecules from CO2 |
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| Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580–1644) |
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Definition
| Demonstrated that the substance of the plant was not produced only from the soil |
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| *Joseph Priestly (1733–1804) |
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Living vegetation adds something to the air
Living vegetation adds something to the air
Living vegetation adds something to the air |
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| Jan Ingen-Housz (1730–1799) |
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| Proposed plants carry out a process that uses sunlight to split carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen (O2 gas) |
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| Molecules that absorb light energy in the visible range |
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particle of light
Acts as a discrete bundle of energy
Energy content of a photon is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light |
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| removal of an electron from a molecule by light |
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range and efficiency of photons a molecule is capable of absorbing,Lost as heat, or
Absorbed by the electrons of the molecule
(Boosts electrons into higher energy level) |
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Definition
Main pigment in plants and cyanobacteria
Only pigment that can act directly to convert light energy to chemical energy; Absorbs violet-blue and red light |
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| Accessory pigment or secondary pigment absorbing light wavelengths that chlorophyll a does not absorb |
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Structure of chlorophyll, Complex ring structure with alternating double and single bonds-Magnesium ion at the center of the ring-Photons excite electrons in the ring-Electrons are shuttled away from the ring!!!
Mn (Manganese) however is part of the enzyme complex that is actually responsible for splitting water |
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Carbon rings linked to chains with alternating single and double bonds, Can absorb photons with a wide range of energies
Also scavenge free radicals – antioxidant (Protective role) |
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Hundreds of accessory pigment molecules
Gather photons and feed the captured light energy to the reaction center, ("light-harvesting complex") |
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1 or more chlorophyll a molecules
Passes excited electrons out of the photosystem
This process is converting “light energy” to “chemical energy.”
Oxidized chlorophyll then fills its electron “hole” by oxidizing a donor molecule |
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transfers electrons ultimately to NADP+, producing NADPH, cyclic photophosphorylation, generates ATP
core transmembrane complex consisting of 12 to 14 protein subunits |
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II oxidizes water to replace the electrons transferred to photosystem I, connected by b6-f complex, non-cylcic Photophos.; generates ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
Core of 10 transmembrane protein subunits |
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| Cyclic photophosphorylation |
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Definition
Generates ATP via electron transport
Anoxygenic photosynthesis, Excited electron passed to electron transport chain
Generates a proton gradient for ATP synthesis |
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Definition
Also called C3 photosynthesis
Key step is attachment of CO2 to Ribulose BisPhosphate (RuBP) to form PhosphoGlycerAte (PGA), Uses enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) found in chloroplast stroma. |
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Term
| 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle: |
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Definition
1. Carbon fixation
RuBP + CO2 → PGA
2. Reduction (energy storage!)
PGA is reduced to G3P (uses energy from ATP/NADPH)
3. Regeneration of RuBP
PGA is used to regenerate RuBP |
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Definition
Glucose is not a direct product of the Calvin cycle
G3P is a 3 carbon sugar, Used to form sucrose:
Major transport sugar in plants, Disaccharide made of fructose and glucose
Used to make starch; Insoluble glucose polymer, Stored for later use |
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| Addition of CO2 to RuBP; Favored under normal conditions (in Photorespiration) |
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Oxidation of RuBP by the addition of O2
Favored when stoma are closed in hot conditions
Creates low-CO2 and high-O2 |
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Add CO2 to PhosphoEnolPyruvate (PEP) to form 4 carbon molecule
Use PEP carboxylase
Greater affinity for CO2, no oxidase activity
C4 – spatial solution
CAM – temporal solution |
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| is where the Calvin cycle occurs for C4 photosynthesis |
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| Calvin Cycle occurs here in C3 photsynthesis, but is where malate is produced for C4 photosynthesis |
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| advantages of C4 photosynthesis |
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Definition
overcomes the problems of photorespiration, but The production of a single glucose molecule requires 12 additional ATP compared with the Calvin cycle alone
advantageous in hot dry climates where photorespiration would remove more than half of the carbon fixed by the usual C3 pathway alone |
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Definition
Stomata open during the night and close during the day (Reverse of that in most plants)
Fix CO2 using PEP carboxylase during the night to produce oxaloacetate/other organic acids - stored in vacuole |
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| C4 – two pathways occur in different cells (bundle-sheath & mesophyll) |
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| CAM – C4 pathway at night and the C3 pathway during the day |
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