Term
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Definition
| our ability to store and later retrieve info about past events--develops and changes over life span |
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| getting information into the system |
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| fleeting memory--logs info holds for fraction of second--much quickly disappears |
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Definition
| short term, working, and long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| PASSIVE--limited to 7 items (phone # while you dial it) |
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Term
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| ACTIVE--active short term memory--temp. stores info while actively working on it |
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| relatively permanent--represents what most people mean by memory |
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Definition
| info is processed and organized in a form suitable for long term storage--process facilitated by sleep |
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Definition
recognition, recall, cued recall
successfully remembered info |
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| implicit memory (procedural memory) |
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Definition
unintentional, automatic
info from everyday experiences
does not change over lifespan |
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Term
| explicit memory (declarative memory) |
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Definition
deliberate, effortful
tested through recognition and recall tests
increases from infancy to adulthood
deeply entwined with language |
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Term
| explicit memory-semantic and episodic memory |
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Definition
semantic-general facts
episodic specific experiences |
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Definition
| imitation, habituation, operant conditioning |
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of facial expressions by 6 weeks
deferred imitation by 6 moths |
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Definition
| imitate a novel act after a delay (early form of explicit memory) |
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present at birth
learning not to respond to repeated act (being bored) |
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Term
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Definition
ribbon and mobile task
cue-dependent and context specific |
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Term
| ribbon and mobile task--implicit/procedural memory |
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Definition
Carolyn Rovee-Collier.
When a ribbon is tied to a baby's ankle and connected to an attractive mobile, it will shake a leg now and then and learn that leg kicking being positively reinforcing consequences: jiggling of the mobile
test memory--mobile presented later to see if kid kicks again. infant must recognize mobile and know to kick |
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Term
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Definition
| use of information-processing system to achieve goal or decision |
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Term
| information-processing system/approach |
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Definition
| basic mental processes involved in attention, perception, memory and decision making |
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Term
| 4 hypothesis why memory and learning improve--John Flavell and Henry Wellman |
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Definition
Changes in Basic capacities
changes in memory strategies
increased knowledge about memory
increased knowledge about the world |
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Term
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Definition
dramatic improvements in learning, memory, and problem solving
4 hyp. explain memory improvment |
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Term
| HYP. 1) changes in basic capacities |
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Definition
no differenecs in storage or senses
changes in speed allow parallel processing
automatically frees working memory space |
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Term
| HYP. 2) Change in memory strategies |
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Definition
-perseveration error--use a strategy that was once sucessful even if it's not working currently
-rehersal- repeating items (7 yrs)
-orginization-classifying into groups (10 yrs)
-elaboration- creating meaningful links
-retrieval strategies
----cues needed when younger |
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Term
| HYP 3) changes in know. about memory |
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Definition
metamemory--knowlege of memory
---present in young kids
---awareness of memory processes is benficial even to young children
---get better with age and experience |
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Term
| HYP 4) changes in word knowlege |
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Definition
knowlege base: knowlege of a content area
-clearly affects learning and memory
-domain familiarity and expertise
-child chess experts vs adults familiar w chess |
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| 3-4 yrs--repeating of items the are trying to learn and remember |
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Term
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Definition
| actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered--adding something to the items (words or images) |
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Term
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Definition
| know. of the human mind and the range of cognitive processes |
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Term
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Definition
| indiv. knowledge of a content area to be learned |
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Definition
Michelene CHi--though adults usually perform better on test, can be reversed if children have more expertise than adults
-chess experts compared memory skills w adults who know game but not experts
-memory of sequ of events adults did better, but memory of location of chess pieces children won bc they could form larger mental chunks |
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Term
| autobiographical memories |
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Definition
| personal experiences or events that happened to the at spec. time and place--episodic mem. of personal events |
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Definition
| they have fewer autobiographical memories of events that occured during 1st few years of life |
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Term
| when childhood memories begin |
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Definition
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Term
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| relative lack of verbal skills during 1st few years of life may limit what we are able to recall from then |
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Term
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Definition
| some children store verbatim (specific/word for word) and general accounts seperatly |
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Definition
| w age focus more on general mem and lose specific( gen takes up less memory space) |
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Definition
| typical sequence of actions (general event representations)---guide future behaviors in similar settings |
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testimony--reporting events witnessed or experienced
-improves with age--younger suggestible
-accuracy better with open questions
--specific questions lead to inaccuracy
--repeating questions leads to misinformation |
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Term
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Definition
intelligence is a trait that an be ID and measured
characterized people to a greated extent than others
-differences among ind. can be described |
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Term
| Two factor theory of intelligence--G |
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Definition
| Spearman--g--general mental ability-contributes to performances on tasks-performance on exams |
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Term
| Two factor theory of intelligence --S |
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Definition
| s-special abilities-each specificto particular tast |
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Term
| Thurstone 7 primary mental abilites |
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Definition
| spatial ability, perceptual speed, numeric reasoning, verbal meaning, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning |
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Term
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Definition
-age graded items used
-test describes childs mental age(level age graded problems can solve) |
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| Binet--Stanford-Binet Scale |
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Definition
| compare MA with CA by calculating IQ |
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Term
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Definition
intelligent quotent
MA over CA times 100
IQ = MA/CA X 100
score:100=average |
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Term
| stanford-binet IQ test modern scales |
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Definition
| large representative sample, average |
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Term
| correlations between infant DQ scores and child IQ are low or 0the wechsler scales |
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Definition
widely used today
3 IQ scores
ages 6-16
----verbal
----performance
----full
average 100 |
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Definition
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Definition
ability to product novel responses appropriate in context and values by others-
-orriginal and meaningful
DISTINCT FROM IQ AND CLASS GRADES |
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Term
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Definition
| coming to the best answer for a problem (IQ) |
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Definition
| finding a variety of solutions to a problem with no correct answer (creativity) |
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| assess rate at which infants achieve important developmental milesstones |
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| Bayley Scales of infant intellligence |
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Definition
1 month-42 months
3 pts
motor scale
mental scale
behavior rating scale |
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Term
| DQ--developmental quitient |
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Definition
| summarizes how well /poorly infant performs compared to other |
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Term
| possibly to predict infants who will be gifted, disabled, normal? |
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Definition
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Definition
| attention, speed of habituation, preferencec for novelty |
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| fast information processing |
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Definition
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Definition
| iq at 4 predicts later iq |
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Definition
| parents who foster achievement |
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Definition
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Term
| cumulative deficit hypothesis |
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Definition
| impoverished environments inhibit intellectual growth and negative effects accumulate over time |
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Term
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Definition
head start program
to be sucessful need to start eary, last long, and involve several componants |
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Term
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Definition
nutrition, health care, parent training, intellectual stimulatino
immed. gains in IQ
IQ advantages rarey last more then 3-4 yrs
different attitudes about achie. |
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Term
| general trends in divergent thinking |
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Definition
high i preschool
decline in elementary |
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Term
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Definition
freedom, originality, humor, agression playfulness
more pretend play
open to new ideas
creative home environments |
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Definition
brain growth spurt at 11/12
impr. mem and processing skills |
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