Term
| chemical agents are used to |
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Definition
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Term
| ideal chemical disinfectant |
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Definition
-possess a large spectrum of antimicrobial activity
-be soluble in water or other solvent
-be stable
-be non toxic to humans and animals
-be toxic to microorganisms at room or body temp
-be able to penetrate surfaces
-be non corrosive |
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Term
| 3 factors to consider when choosing a chemical disinfectant |
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Definition
-nature of surface being treated
-type of microorganisms present
-environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
-metal or glass cylinder soaked into standardized cultures of the test bacteria
-removed, dried, and soaked in solution of disinfectant
-transferred to a growth medium |
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Term
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Definition
-disk of filter paper soaked in disinfectant
-placed on agar plate inoculated and incubated with test microorganism |
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Term
| phenol and phenol derivatives |
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Definition
-first antimicrobial chemical agents ever used
-work by denaturing proteins and damaging cell membranes
-rarely used because of odor and skin damage
-present in lozenges in small concentration (local anesthetic)
-at conc above 1%, antibacterial effect
-phenolics
-bisphenols |
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Term
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Definition
-contain a molecule of phenol chemically altered to reduce irritation and increase antimicrobial activity
-work by damaging lipid membrane
-O-phenylphenol is the main ingredient of Lysol |
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Term
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Definition
-contain two phenolic groups connected by a bridge
-hexachlorophene
-triclosan |
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Term
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Definition
-gram + staph and streptococci
-used for surgical and hospital microbial control |
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Term
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Definition
| -used in antibacterial soaps and at least one toothpaste |
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Term
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Definition
-disrupt membranes
-broad spectrum (G+, G-, enveloped viruses)
-used for microbial control on skin and mucous membranes
-present in oral rinsers and skin cleansers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-one of most effective antiseptics
-active against all types of bacteria, many endospores, fungi, and some viruses
-acts by disrupting protein synthesis and membranes
-allergen for some
-tincture
-iodophor |
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Term
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Definition
| iodine in solution in alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
-iodine with organic molecule
-example betadine |
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Term
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Definition
-as a gas or combined with other chemicals
-one of the most commonly used
-disinfects municipal drinking water, sewage, pools |
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Term
| when chlorine is added to water |
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Definition
-forms hypochlorous acid and then hypochlorite ion
-the acid is an oxidizing agent that destroys much of cellular enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
-NaOCl
-used as a bleach and household disinfectant
-used in dairies and food processing
-hemodialysis equipment |
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Term
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Definition
-combo of chloride and ammonia
-municipal water treatment systems (toxic to fish)
-in US military forces Chlor Floc is used to clarify water |
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Term
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Definition
-strong oxidizing agent
-increasing used in food processing industry as surface disinfectant |
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Term
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Definition
-act by denaturing proteins, damage membranes(lipid dissolution)
-ethanol
-isopropanol |
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Term
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Definition
-very efficient between 60-95% but do not kill endospores
-kill enveloped viruses
-pure ethanol is ineffective because proteins are more soluble and denature more easily in water |
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Term
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Definition
-slightly better than ethanol
-less volatile, cheaper |
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Term
| heavy metals and derivatives |
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Definition
-can be used as biocide or antiseptic at very small concentration (oligodynamic action)
-ancient Egyptians used to keep water clean by putting silver coins in water barrels
-most efficient are mercury, silver, copper
-work by denaturation, combine with sulfhydryl groups (SH)on microbial proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-used as antiseptic in a 1% silver nitrate solution
-used to prevent newborns from getting gonorrhoea from mother
-now present in plastic food containers, athletic shirts and socks
-silver sulfadiazine is used as topical cream to treat burns |
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Term
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Definition
-Mercuric Chloride
-very broad spectrum of activity
-bacteriostatic
-was sued to treat syphilis
-toxic - primarily used to control mildew in paints |
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Term
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Definition
-copper sulfate
-used to destroy algae in reservoirs, ponds, swimming pools, fish tanks |
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Term
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Definition
-degerming rather than antiseptic
-mechanical removal of microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
-anion portion reacts with plasma membrane
-used to clean dairy utensils and equipment
-wide spectrum |
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Term
| Quaternary ammonium compounds |
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Definition
-derived from ammonium ion
-strong bactericidal action on G+
-very effective against fungi, amoeba, enveloped viruses
-Benzalkonium chloride (Zephiran) and Cetylpyridinium chloride (Cepacol) are
commonly found in mouthwash |
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Term
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Definition
-organic acids, salts of organic acids
-rapidly metabolized, safe in foods
-sulfur dioxide
-Sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate
-calcium propionate
-sodium nitrate sodium nitrite |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate |
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Definition
| used to prevent molds from growing on cheese and soft drinks |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents growth of molds and Bacillus mesentericus on bread |
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Term
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Definition
-added to ham, bacon, sausage, hot dogs
-react with blood component of meat and preserve red color
-prevent growth of Clostridium botulinum |
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Term
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Definition
-among the most effective antimicrobial agents
-inactivate proteins by forming covalent cross links with functional groups on proteins(-NH2, -OH, -COOH, -SH)
-formaldehyde
-glutaraldehyde |
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Term
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Definition
| can be used as gas or as a solution(37%) known as formalin |
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Term
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Definition
-more effective than formaldehyde
-used to disinfect hospital instruments
-2% soln Cidex |
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Term
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Definition
-very powerful sterilizing gas
-kills spores
-used in combo with CO2 and freon
-deep action-can penetrate paper, clothing, plastic, medical supplies
-works by alkylating proteins(cross linking nucleic acids and proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
-gas used primarily(>95%) for bleaching wood pulp
-disinfection of municipal drinking water
-used as pre oxident prior to chlorination of drinking water to destroy natural water impurities that react with free chlorine and produce carcinogens
-can also be used for disinfection(decontamination of anthrax and molds after Katrina) |
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Term
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Definition
-commonly found in households and hospitals
-powerful oxidizing agent that disrupts cell membranes
-very good at disinfecting objects(packaging, contact lenses)
-not as good on open wounds because human cells contain catalase |
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Term
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Definition
-very effective against endospores and viruses
-not deactivated by catalase
-powerful oxidizing agent
-used to disinfect food processing and medical equipment(endoscopes) |
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Term
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Definition
-increasing use in health care facilities
-used for metal/plastic surgical instruments in arthroscopic and laparoscopic surgeries
-combo of a vacuum, electromagnetic field, and chemicals (peroxide)
-form highly reactive free radicals |
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