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our ability to store and retrieve information.
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Committing new information to memory requires effort. This processing leads to durable and accessible memories.
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Effortful learning requires rehearsal or repetition
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One problem Ebbinghaus had was that the material had little meaning.
Memory for meaningful things is better than non-meaningful things.
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| first stage of memory processing. Memories are very brief, only lasting less than a second |
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temporary storage of information that someone has just encountered.
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| is a relatively permanent storage of mostly meaningful information. Long-term memory has essentially unlimited capacity store. |
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| the ease with which we can retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations that we form with that memory. |
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| Processing the meaning of information by associating it with what we already know |
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| Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to processing information. |
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| encoding by organization of information |
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organizing complex information into categories and subcategories.
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organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit.
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| memory aid that is based on encoding an item in a special way. There are many types of mnemonic devices. |
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| using the first letter of each work to organize the information |
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| method of loci (locations) |
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creating a mental picture (things to be remembered are connected to objects located in a familiar location)
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information to be remembered is arranged in a rhyme
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| - we retain information better when we rehearse over time. |
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| we tend to remember the beginning and the end of a list better than the middle. |
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| tendency to remember the beginning. |
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| tendency to remember the end |
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| the tendency to remember unusual items better than more common items |
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| the influence of emotional arousal |
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The greater the emotional arousal associated with an event, the greater the likelihood that the event will be remembered.
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1. most difficult for the person being tested.
An example of recall is an essay test |
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1. gives the person significant hints about the correct answer.
An example is fill-in-the-blank tests.
The capital of France is ______.
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1. requires the person to identify the correct item from a list of several choices.
An example is multiple-choice tests |
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an inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval.
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a. retaining old material interferes with memory for new material
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| retaining new material makes it hard to remember old material |
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| : A defense mechanism that lessens anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
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| inability to recall things that are stored in the long-term memory. |
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| Damage to the frontal lobes causes some problems to memory. |
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| Frontal lobe damage can occur as a result of |
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1.stroke
2.head trauma
3.chronic alcoholism |
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most common form of dementia
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